Art and Visual Arts free essay sample

The Meaning and Scope of The Humanities The word humanities originates from the latin humanus, which implies human, refined and refined. To be human is to be have or show characteristics like levelheadedness, graciousness and delicacy. It has various implications in various chronicled periods. Today, in any case, we are aware of humanities as an inexactly characterized gathering of social branches of knowledge. In contrast to different subjects, it's anything but a gathering of logical or specialized subjects. The Scope of Humanities The humanities is a many-faceted subject. It is comprise of the visual expressions, writing, show and theater, music, and move. . Visual Arts The visual expressions sre those that we see with our eyes. It include painting and figure as well as incorporate such things as garments, family unit machines, and outfitting of our homes, schools, and structures. They might be ordered into two gatherings; realistic expressions (level or two-dimensional surface) a nd plastic expressions (three-dimensional). a. Realistic Arts Broadly, this term covers any type of visual artistics portrayal, particularly painting, drawing, photography, and so forth or in which depictions of structures and images are recorded on two-dimensional surface. Printers additionally utilize the term realistic craftsmanship to depict all procedure and results of the printing business. b. Plastic Arts This gathering remembers all fields of the visual expressions for which material are sorted out into three-dimensional structures. 2. Writing The specialty of consolidating verbally expressed or composed words and their implications into structures which have artistics and passionate intrigue is called writing. 3. Dramatization and Theater A show or play is a story re-made by entertainers on a phase before a group of people. 4. Music The craft of organizing sounds in cadenced progression and by and large in blend. Tune results from this succession and congruity from the mixes. Music is both an innovative and a performing craftsmanship. The regular structures are tune, walk, fugue, sonata, suite, dream, concerto and orchestra. 5. Move Dance includes the development of the body and the feet in beat. Some significant sorts incorporate ethnologic, social or formal dances, artful dance, present day and melodic parody. Strategy for Presenting of Arts Subject 1. Authenticity In painting, this is the endeavor to depict the subject for what it's worth. In any event, when the craftsman picks a subject from nature, he chooses, changes, and organizes subtleties to communicate the thought he needs to make it understood. Pragmatists attempt to be as goal as could be expected under the circumstances. Here the artist’s fundamental capacity is to depict as precisely and really as conceivable what is seen through the faculties. Be that as it may, during the time spent choosing and introducing his material, he can't resist being affected by what he feels or thinks. 2. Deliberation It implies â€Å"to move away or discrete. †Abstract craftsmanship moves from demonstrating things as tey truly seem to be. The painter or craftsman paints the image not as it truly looked. The image isn't much the same as life. It isn't â€Å"realistic. † This is utilized when the craftsman turns out to be so inspired by one period of a scene or a circumstance thet he doesn't show the subject at all as a goal reality, yet just his thought or his inclination about it. 3. Imagery An image by and large is an obvious indication of something undetectable, for example, a thought or a quality. It very well may be basically a seal or sign like: % to speak to percent, a lion to speak to mental fortitude, a sheep to speak to quietness. . Fauvism This was the main significant workmanship development of the 1900’s. the fauves prospered as a gathering just from around 1903 to 1907 however their style incredibly affected numerous later specialists. Henry Matisse drove the development and other significant fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, George Rouault, all from France. 5. Dadaism A dissent deve lopment in human expressions was framed in 1916 by a gathering of craftsman and writers in Zurich, Switzerland. The Dadaist responded to what they accepted were outworn conventions in craftsmanship, and the shades of malice they found in the public arena. 6. Oddity This development in craftsmanship and writing was established in Paris in 1924 by the French artist Andre Breton. 7. Expresionism A way of painting and chiseling in which normal structures and hues are mutilated and misrepresented. This technique was presented in Germany during the principal decade of the twentieth century that is portrayed primarily by overwhelming, regularly BLACK lines that characterize structure forcefully differentiating over the clear hues. 8. Impressionism A style of painting created in the last third of the nineteenth century portrayed by short lively strokes of brilliant shading to make the impressionism of light on objects.

Eco-Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eco-Design - Essay Example rising and contending in the worldwide market, has put an extreme strain on the accessible regular assets and making a situation well disposed item has been consigned to the foundation. The three fundamental issues that an eco-structure addresses are (1) The new age client is getting more data with respect to the threats of condition contamination. He is in this way getting progressively educated in regards to the decisions he can make while choosing an item. Consequently he can request items that are protected and condition cordial which prompts an immediate weight on organizations to think of inventive and eco-accommodating answers for their items. (2) An administration that is delicate to the worries of nature will bring out laws, specifications and rules inside which an item needs to work. Adherence to these rules requires makers to refine and tune their item advancement procedures. A portion of the outstanding global laws and guidelines incorporate the Hazardous Waste Act of Australia(1989) and the ‘Export and Import of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Recyclable Material(2005) of Canada .(Eco-Design: European State of the Art, 2007) (3) The business in itself attempts to take ownership of its duty and good commitment of giving its clients items that are perfect and which are inside the structure of being called naturally economical (1) The way toward creating eco-structures presents the plan group and at last the producer a large group of chances to evaluate new variations of plans that serve to turn out to be monetarily also. (2) A reconsider of the plan perspective right from its origin stage may prompt a general improvement in nature of the item. Aside from being in a state of harmony with the condition the general proficiency of the item may expand prompting a success win circumstance. The Eco-Design idea that has been defined and created by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) figures a

American Indians Essay

The individuals presently known as Indians or Native Americans were the principal individuals to live in the Americas. They had been living there for a huge number of years before any Europeans showed up. The Vikings investigated the east shoreline of North America around A. D. 1000 and had some contact with Indians (Watson and Howell 1980). Be that as it may, enduring contact among Indians and Europeans started with Christopher Columbus’s journeys to the Americas. In 1492, Columbus cruised over the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. He was looking for a short ocean course to the Indies, which at that point included India, China, the East Indies, and Japan. Europeans didn't then have the foggiest idea about that North and South America existed. At the point when Columbus arrived in what is currently known as the West Indies, he didn't understand he had gone to a New World. He thought he had arrived at the Indies, thus he called the individuals he met Indians. Pretty much every Indian gathering had its own name. Huge numbers of these names mirrored the pride of each gathering in itself and its lifestyle. For instance, the Delaware Indians of eastern North America called themselves Lenape, which implies real individuals. Today, numerous Indians allude to themselves as Native Americans. The primary Indians went to the New World from Siberia, in Asia. Most researchers think they showed up at any rate 15,000 years back. Around then colossal ice sheets secured a great part of the northern portion of the earth. The Bering Strait, which today is a tight territory of water that isolates Asia and North America, was handily strolled across by the Indians who were following the creatures that they were chasing. A lot later this ice sheet dissolved and the land connect got secured with water. By at that point, Indian gatherings had just spread all through the New World, all over North and South America. These Indian gatherings created various societies in view of the various atmospheres and landforms in the areas where they settled. Body Anthropologists, researchers who study human culture, arrange the many North and South American Indian clans into gatherings of clans that are indistinguishable. These gatherings are called culture zones. A portion of the way of life of North America are the Arctic; the Northeast, or Eastern Woodlands; the Plains; and Southwest. The Indians communicated in several distinct dialects and had a wide range of lifestyles. A few gatherings lived in incredible urban areas and others in little towns. The Aztec and the Maya of Central America constructed huge urban communities. A portion of the Aztec urban areas had upwards of 100,000 individuals. The Maya fabricated extraordinary structures in which they considered the moon, the stars, and the sun. They additionally built up a schedule and an arrangement of composing. A large number of the Indians of Eastern North America lived in towns. They chased and cultivated, developing such harvests as beans, corns and squash (Bains, 1985). The greater part of the Indians were agreeable from the outset and shown the newcomers numerous things. The European voyagers followed Indian path to wellsprings of water and stores of copper, gold, silver, turquoise, and different minerals. The Indians instructed them to make snowshoes and sleds and to go by kayak. Food was one more of the Indians’ significant blessings. The Indians developed numerous nourishments that the newcomers had never known about, for example, avocados, corn, peanuts, peppers, pineapples, potatoes, squash, and tomatoes. They likewise acquainted the whites with tobacco. The Indians, thus, gained much from the whites. The Europeans brought numerous products that were new to the Indians. These products included metal apparatuses, weapons, and alcohol. The Europeans likewise brought steers and ponies, which were obscure to the Indians. The Europeans and the Indians had generally various lifestyles. A few Europeans attempted to comprehend the Indians’ ways and treated them reasonably. Be that as it may, others conned the Indians and took their territory. At the point when the Indians retaliated, a large number of them were slaughtered in fight. From the start, they had just quits and lances, yet the Europeans had firearms. Much more Indians passed on from measles, smallpox, and other new ailments presented by the whites. As the Europeans moved westbound across North America, they turned into a more prominent danger to the Indian lifestyle. At long last, a large portion of the rest of the Indians were moved onto reservations. Most day by day exercises of an Indian family fixated on giving the fundamental necessities of life, for example, food, garments, and asylum. People for the most part had separate assignments. For instance, the two people were regularly engaged with giving food. In any case, they did as such in various ways. In certain regions, the ladies assembled wild plants for food, and the men chased. In the Northeast and Southeast culture zones, the men chased, and the ladies cultivated the land. In parts of what are presently Arizona and New Mexico and in Middle and South America, the men did the cultivating. The ladies assembled plants. In all regions, ladies were commonly liable for setting up the food. Numerous Indians wedded at an early age, the young ladies somewhere in the range of 13 and 15 and the young men somewhere in the range of 15 and 20. In some Indian clans, the guardians or different family members picked the marriage accomplices for the youngsters. In different clans, particularly those of North America, a youngster could choose his own mate. He needed to persuade the young lady and her folks that he would make an appropriate spouse. By and large, he offered them important endowments to win their endorsement. All through the vast majority of the New World, marriage was a family issue and not a strict service. The boy’s family for the most part offered presents to the bride’s family. Numerous recently hitched couples lived with the girl’s family and the spouse worked for her family until the introduction of a youngster. At that point the couple may build up their own home. In any case, they by and large didn't move to another home in another zone. Numerous other recently wedded couples joined a current family gathering or lived near one. A portion of the couples moved in with different family members of the lady or with the family members of the man. This more distant family imparted to the every day work of the family, including the bringing up of youngsters. Numerous Indian gatherings permitted men to have more than one spouse. In any case, this training was basic just among rich or influential men. After a man kicked the bucket, his significant other would frequently live with his sibling as a couple regardless of whether the sibling was at that point wedded. Additionally, if a lady passed on, her family would most likely be required to give her better half another unmarried girl to supplant her. Most Indian families were little in light of the fact that numerous kids passed on during childbirth or as infants. Indian kids were applauded when they carried on well and disgraced when they got out of hand. Just the Aztec and Inca clans had standard schools. Young men and young ladies of different clans figured out how to perform men’s and women’s occupations by helping their folks and more seasoned siblings and sisters. After most young men arrived at their initial youngsters, they experienced a trial of solidarity or dauntlessness called an inception function. Many abandoned nourishment for an extensive stretch or lived alone in the wild. In certain clans, a kid was relied upon to have a dream of the soul that would turn into his long lasting gatekeeper. A few gatherings likewise had commencement services for young ladies. A young person who effectively finished a commencement function was viewed as a grown-up and fit to be hitched. Food that Indians ate relied upon where they lived. Indian clans that lived on the fields of the United States, where wild ox and other game were abundant, ate essentially meat. Meat was likewise the central food of those Indians who possessed the forests and tundra (bone chilling treeless plain) of Alaska and Canada. The Pueblo of the Southwest and other cultivating bunches lived essentially on beans, corn, and squash. Potatoes were a significant yield among the Inca. MacNeish (1992) expressed that Indians in the tropical zones of South America made bread from the underlying foundations of severe cassava, a little bush. Clans that lived close to water got fish and accumulated shellfish. Most Indian gatherings ate berries, nuts, roots, seeds, and wild plants. They likewise accumulated salt and gathered maple sap any place they could. Indians made a sort of tea from such plants as sassafras and wintergreen. Numerous Indians drank a mellow brew that was known as chicha. They made this lager from corn, cassava, peanuts, or potatoes. Indians who ate generally meat cooked it by simmering, searing, or bubbling. Cultivating Indians and other people who ate primarily vegetables created different techniques for bubbling or preparing. They frequently made pit stoves by fixing gaps in the ground with hot stones. Indians protected meat by smoking it or by drying it in the sun. North American Indians blended dried meat in with oil and berries to make a food called pemmican. Most Indians ate with their fingers, yet some pre-owned spoons produced using creature bones, shells, or wood. Indians assembled numerous sorts of homes since they lived in various atmospheres and had diverse structure materials accessible to them (Brandt and Guzzi, 1985). The individuals who moved about an extraordinary arrangement had straightforward asylums they could convey effectively, or they constructed brief safe houses. Indians who remained in one spot manufactured bigger, increasingly lasting homes. A few gatherings assembled enormous houses where numerous families lived respectively. Others had straightforward residences that housed just a couple of individuals. At times, cover changed with the season. A few Indians in Canada manufactured snow houses throughout the winter. Be that as it may, in the mid year, they lived in tents made of creature covers up. In the United States, these Indians are in some cases called Eskimos. In different zones, the Indians secured their lean-tos with creature skins or with tree rind. Indians at the southern tip of South America additionally utilized skins to cover covers called windbreaks, which were open on one side. A few clans of the Northwest made fabric of bark and reeds, and the Pueblo wove cotton material. The Aztec, Inca, Maya, and some Caribbean clans wove wonderful cotton and woolen material. Indians in the hot South American regions regularly wore no apparel by any stretch of the imagination. In numerous clans, a man wore just a breechcloth, a thin band of fabric that went between the legs and circled over the front and back of a belt. Ladies wore straightforward cover

Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma :: essays research papers

Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma      In 1951 Carl Djerassi, with the Mexican pharmaceutical organization Syntex, built up the primary oral prophylactic by combining and adjusting the normal hormone Progesterone into a superpotent, profoundly viable oral progestational hormone called "norethindrone".      Admittedly, the elements and significance of this find were amazing, since before this the main methods for contraception was fetus removal, and even that was not authorized at that point.      The race to create this manufactured operator was profoundly serious, being looked for after by numerous pharmaceuticals all through the world, and for a little youngster organization in Mexico out of every other place on earth to think that its first just added to the energy of the accomplishment.      Yet beside this energy and serious enthusiasm something extraordinary and upsetting was being skirted. Science, in my view had accomplished something extraordinary without investigating the conceivable outcomes of where this would lead.      I trust Djerassi, like most researchers of his day, was so spellbound by the energy of integrating his item and accomplishing his objective that he didn't stop to think about the repercussions of his achievement. The moral quandary was not investigated before hand, and this to me is the extraordinary catastrophe of most logical disclosure, since I solidly accept every researcher is answerable for that which he makes. Djerassi confronts a couple of inquiries of morals and profound quality after the truth.      On page 61, in section 6, he thinks about the contention of the utilization of poor Mexican and Puertorrican ladies for fundamental tests. Is this equitable another appearance of misuse of poor people?      Djerassi says in no way, shape or form.      Yes, the poor our the underlying guinea pigs for explore yet this is no not the same as what dental specialists, stylists, and youthful specialists do. These bunches utilize the poor to sharpen their aptitudes, not on account of the poor ladies' obliviousness but since working class, resident, white ladies are probably not going to volunteer their administrations for science.      My fundamental issue with this is he guarantees they won't "volunteer" their administrations. Obviously not, they know about the conceivable hindering impacts of such experimentation. This is clearly in light of the fact that they are most likely all the more profoundly taught the poor Hispanic ladies. Destitution regularly blocks a need of good tutoring and instruction. In this manner the attention to such a gathering to logical investigations will in all likelihood be a lot of lower. They presumably knew nothing of logical research by any means, not to mention how to peruse an assent structure that leaves them without legitimate plan of action.      Djerassi makes reference to this too, the possibility that he can not offer them assent structures since they can't peruse.      That appears to be ridiculous to me!      If he can not illuminate his patients regarding the conceivable reactions then what

Blog Archive Learn About Consulting Firsthand from McKinsey Company!

Blog Archive Learn About Consulting Firsthand from McKinsey Company! mbaMission is proud to announce an exclusive online event presented by prestigious worldwide management consultancy McKinsey Company. Have you ever wondered what management consulting actually is or what a consultant does? If so, this is your chance to learn firsthand from seasoned McKinsey Company consultants Ahmed Darwish and Mary Katherine Flanigan via the free, live webinar “Beyond Buzzwords: What Is Consulting?” During this online event, Ahmed and Mary Katherine will share a broad overview of consulting and the work they do, while also providing insight into the following topics: What a day in the life of a consultant is like How consultants are staffed on projects The composition of consultant teams How consultants interact with clients They will also respond to questions from attendees, so claim your spot today to get the inside scoop on this dynamic industry and career choice! Event Details Date: Monday, October 24, 2016 Time: 8 p.m. EST Location: Online â€" room link will be provided after registration Cost: Click here to register for FREE! We look forward to having you join us for this valuable session! Share ThisTweet mbaMission Events News

Organisational Dynamic Capabilities Through - Free Essay Example

Organisational Dynamic Capabilities through Information Systems A system is a group of components that interact to achieve some purpose (Kroenke, Bunker Wilson 2010). The responsibility of the Information systems is to offer information to management which will facilitate them their decision making process, which guarantee that the organization is controlled to a certain level. If the system meets the needs of the competitive environment the organization will be in control. Management information system is the development and use of information systems that help business achieve their goals and objective (Kroenke, Bunker Wilson 2010). Management information system is an exciting, fast-changing, turbulent field in today’s competitive world and it plays a significant role, which allows the organization to achieve their goals and strategies effectively and efficiently complying with intricate legislations as well. Most organizations management information systems make broad use of information technology. The reasons, why computerized management information systems have become well-known are confirmed in advantages of speed, accuracy and dependability and also by having a high degree of flexibility as well. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages in management information systems as every positive has its negative side as well. Where it mainly attacks innovation and intuition of decision making and the creativity could have been applied by human. According to Philip Kotler â€Å" A marketing information systems consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers (Kotler 2005). † Business process is a network of activities, resources, facilities and information that interact to achieve some business function. In other words business processes generate information by bringing together important items or data in a given co ntext. Example, the sales department stores data about customer orders. Finance and Accounting use sales data to generate invoice and process payments. The Marketing department draws on the customer data and sales information for effective marketing campaigns. Human Resources store information about company employees, their skills and professional development needs. The central data base facilitates keeping track of stock and production levels for manufacturing and production areas of business. Centralized information helps even a small run effectively and relies on real time information (Benson Tribe 2008). To achieve competitive advantage businesses should comply with developed new systems to consider the threats and opportunities to confront among others, where capability to use basic information system is necessary and that stage of knowledge as well as the use, does not give a competitive advantage among others. Management Information systems has its own challenges as we ll, where having a cheaper factor of production, lack of availability for skilled and experienced workforce, technological obsolescence, Information overload etc. Benefits the users can gain by having a well developed information systems are enormous and some of main advantages could be Added value to products, Competitive advantage, Greater Accuracy, Efficient administration, Superior financial management decision making, improved communication and Increase efficiency productivity. However management information systems have disadvantages as well. Most common coercion faced by management information systems could be computer viruses, theft, unauthorized use (hacking), sabotage (individual industrial) and vandalism. The greatest benefit of MIS is that it gives power to do what people want to do. It lets people be productive and learn things they didn’t think they could learn before, and so in a sense it is all about potential. Reference * Benson, V Tribe, K 2008, Bu siness Information Management, Ventus Publishing Aps * Elizabeth, H 2008, Business Information Systems, Ventus Publishing Aps * Haag, S, Batzan, P Philips, A 2006 Business Driven Technology. McGraw-Hill * Kroenke, D. , Bunker, D. , Wilson, D. (2010). Experiencing MIS. Pearson, NSW Australia. * Silay, J Koronios, A 2006, Information Technology: Security and Risk Management. J Wiley

Charles England France

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4631 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? HIP 1: Charles VII- King of France In this episode, the focus is on Charles VII, the King of France from 1422 till his death. He was born on February 22, 1403 as the fifth son to Charles VI. He was referred to as the well-served or the victorious. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Charles England France | History Dissertations" essay for you Create order Prior to his ascendancy into the kingship, he was opposed by Henry VI of England who had ruling servants in parts of Paris. His success was questioned by the English. However, his crowning in 1429 was quite famous thanks to the wishes of John-of-Arc to set the French free from English occupation. Charles VII had to flee in May 1418 after a battalion of Duke of Burgindy (John) tried to capture Paris. He attempted a diplomatic reconciliation a year later to the Duke. This failed and he had to make a follow up on the bridge of Montreau. In the final meeting, his men set upon the unsuspecting duke and killed him. He is reported to have been oblivious of this. However, his involvement was later questioned. This furthered the mistrust between his family and the Duke’s. His adolescence was a mark of bravery. I led an army against the English but suffered humiliation when he once had to withdraw against Henry V. His parents were not pleased and lashed at me for being a failing h eir to the throne. In the thick of this controversy, Charles fled to the Queen Yolande of the Four Kingdoms of Aragon to whose daughter, Marie, he got married. An important factor that led to his success was his support for the powerful and the wealthy family of his wife, Marie. His greatest love was his mistress. He was later crowned king after the battle at Patay on the 17th of July, 1429. He recaptured Paris and later all French territories, save for Port Calais.† Later, his reign saw a bitter struggle from his son, Louis, who became the owner of the throne as Louis VI. Although his kingship was overshadowed by the Martyrdom of his mother-in-law, Joan of Arc, he was largely credited for the success of the French Kingdom. Charles VII died on July, 22 1461. HIP 2: Juan de Quevedo Juan de Quevedo- Spanish-Franciscan- was born in Barcelona on 24th December, 1519. She was appointed bishop of Santa Maria at Antigua by Pope Leo X at the request of King Ferdinand becoming the first bishop on the mainland of America. I embarked at San Lucar with Padrarias Davila, then the governor of Darien. I soon found working with Pedrarias unbearable because of his acts of cruelty to Indians and rivals. The beheading of Vasco Nunez of Balboa who had discovered Pacific Ocean broke into a misunderstanding between the two of us. Charges were brought against me for violating understandings, accumulating wealth and a neglect on Indians. These accusations were never established and therefore I turned to seeking audience from Spain presenting two notifications to King Charles against Padrarias and for reducing powers of all the Governors of the New found World for better protection of the natives. These notifications were countersigned by Las Casas. The developments may have de moralized the bishop who soon fell sick and died at Barcelona. However Quevedo’s championship for the Native Americans, his involvement and views were adulterated by his insistence that the aborigines were men impossible to instruct or transform unless they were lumped in caucuses or missionary centers and continually supervised. Works Cited Hanawalt, Barbara. The Middle Ages: An Illustrated History. Taylor, Alinne, Isabel of Burgundy Module 2 Gonzalo Fernà ¡ndez de Oviedo y Valdà ©s Gonzalo was born Fernà ¡ndez Oviedo in August 1478 in Madrid of a dignified Asturian decency and schooled in the backyard of Ferdinand, was a writer and a historian. By the age of thirteen, he was contact to their non heir son, Juan. He was in attendance at the siege at Granada, and there witnessed Christopher Columbus prior to his expedition to the North Americas. When Juan died in (October 1497, Oviedo left for Italy, and there he was escritoire to Fernandez de Cordoba. By 1514 he had been chosen supervisor of gold-smelting in Santo Domingo. When he returned to Spain in 1523, he became a historiographer of Indies. He went to America five more times before his death in 1557. Oviedos first writing was a romance in Chivalric entitled â€Å"Libro del muy esforzado e invencible caballero Don Claribalte† meaning â€Å"Book of the very striving and invincible knight Don Claribalt† published in Valencia in 1519. In the foreword, he relates conceiving the work while in S anto Domingo. This indicates that his first literary piece of work was formulated in the â€Å"New World†. Even though the work was in dispersed style, it contained curious information obtained first hand. The incomplete edition was widely published in English by Eden in 1555 and in French by Poleur in 1556 respectively. Las Casas described it as containing almost as many lies as pages. He put the most favorable construal on the dealings of his countrymen. Though, with a bias to his country, which was quite obvious, his narrative is both trustworthy and appealing. Through his book, first the Europeans and then the world, learnt about the tobacco, hammock, and the pineapple. This is because they were used by Native Indians that he met. He was placed to head the Fortaleza in the Santo Domingo. A large statue of him given to Dominicans by the Spanish King still stands there. In his other publications, he sets out to write gossips about eminent colleagues. These old-fash ioned, moralizing anecdote collections were first produced in Madrid. Works cited Agustà ­n G. de Amezà ºa. Introduction to the facsimile reprint of Libro de Claribalte by the Spanish Royal Academy, Madrid, 1956 Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition article Gonzalo Oviedo Y Valdes, During early 17th century colonization in North America the lifestyles of the Englishmen had varied enormously in the Northern region. The variation in New England and Southern or Northern lives were registered in their social lives, economic activities, as well as their systems of governance. Colonial societies in New England were formed on the basis of freedom in family and religion which were stable. New England immigrants came into N. America as families with a tag of longevity and conglomerating together. There were few diseases and thus populations surged. Samuel de Champlain Samuel Champlain, born on 25th December 1567 and who became known as the Father of New France was came from a protestant family in the Saintonge Province. He made a journey from the Port town of Brouage on the west coast of France, sojourned into Canada before meeting his death in 1635 in Quebec. A sailor, he also came to be respected as a talented navigator, a cartographer, and the founder of Quebec City. Champlain was instrumental in opening North America to trade with the French. This trade majored in fur. He would spend many years in managing and explorations in North America and then back to France to collect more funds through lobbying, publishing and reporting on his findings in the New world. These activities were instrumental for further explorations and subsequent colonization. Champlain was tolerant and his first name (Samwel) was an indication of belonging to a non catholic. The name was not usually given to Catholic children. On his first arrival, he created the St Lawrence River Map. He was then asked by Henry IV to make a comprehensive report on his discoveries. He joined other expeditions and helped found, the protestant settlement at the Saint Croix Island. He was forced to endure a harsh winter in the new settlement that necessitated the abandonment of the island come spring. He relocated the settlers to up at the Fundy coast of Nova Scotia in Port Royal where he set camp until 1607when he later decided to explore the Atlantic coast. Between 1605 and 1606, he explored a land, now Cape Cod but was met by skirmishes from resident. The Monomoyick Indians discouraged him from the idea that prompted him to name the place as Port Fortune. In the summer of 1609, he changed tact and tried better relations with the First Nations. He formed working alliances with the Wendat. (The French called them the Huron) and the Algonquin, the Montagnais and the Etchemin, who required Champlain to help them in their war with the Iroquois at the south. In this, he was able to map Lake Champlain. In the proceeding wars, Champlain killed some Iroquois who fled. This was the stage for the French- Iroquois relationship that spanned the next one hundred years. He returned to France shortly but was back with the Hurons. He went into war again with the Iroquois but due to premature attacks, they were defeated. He sustained injuries, healed up and decided to learn the country. He wondered into hunting and got lost. He bumped into a bunch of Indians by chanced. He spent a couple of months learning their ways and customs and manners. He was however back in Quebec in 1616, came back to New France in 1620 but as an administrator for the rest of his life. He died of stroke in 1635 leaving no heirs. Works cited Dalton, Roy. The Jesuit Estates Question 1760-88, p. 60. University of Toronto Press, 1968. Morris, Bishop. Samuel de Champlain: The Life of Fortitude (New York: Knopf, 1948), 6-7. Samuel Eliot Morison, Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France (Little Brown, 1972) Champlain: the Birth of French America. ed. McGill-Queens University Press, 2004. Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Module 4 FOCUS: African, Euro-American and Native American cultures in North America had intermingled for about two centuries by the 1700s and their experience with one another wrought significant changes to their ideas and practice of political power and economic endeavor. As you discuss your bio profile for this historical period, concentrate on their opinion/contribution to this concept of innovation and adaptation to a uniquely American colonial partnership and interaction (whether they realized it was different or just the way of things). Questions to consider in your post: How did the people of this period deal with issues of political authority and power? Who had it, who wanted it and who was arguing over it and why? What role did this person play in the colonial mercantilist policy and earning a living/survival? How were they affected by mercantile policy (or not) and what impact did this have for their own experience as well as the success or failure of their community (the latter will vary depending on which HIP group you are in) For this period, your person has to be confined to 1700-1799, preferably before the 1780s (thats the 18th century), and realistically a person who contributions/perspective would fit in terms of the questions posed. By this time, the person needs to be living in North America, by birth, naturalization or work status, but cannot be someone overseas commenting on the American situation. John Adams John Adams Jr. was born in 29th October 1735 to John Boylston and Susan Boylston in Braintree, Massachusetts. He was the eldest of Boylston Adams’ sons. His father is a descendant immigrant from Barton, St David in Somerset England. His mother descended from the Boylstons of Brookline. He was born to a humble family, but he felt the need to live according to the heritage of his family as the founders of Puritans who immigrated into America in 1630and thereafter established a colonial type of presence in America By the time of his birth, the Puritan dogma no longer swayed people, and most of their heritage melted away. John, however â€Å"considered them bearers of freedom, a cause that still had a holy urgency.† This was a value system he held so dear and was not about to leave. He went to Harvard College at the age of sixteen. His father had high expectations of him being a minister but he doubted himself. After graduation, he taught shortly in Worcester aft er which he decided to become a lawyer. He studied in a prominent lawyer, James Putnam’s office. He developed a guise for writing descriptions of events and impressions of people which are scattered in his memoirs. This assisted him as a lawyer. For example, the Otis’s argument, one of his reported cases, inspired him zealously for the American colonies. Adams married Abigail Smith in 1764. Abigael was the daughter of Minister, Reverend William Smith of Weymouth. One of their children was the future president John Quincy. His influence was derived from his work as a lawyer and was dedicated to republicanism that then embraced the mercantile policy. He found his contentiousness to constrain him politically. He authored the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† in 1776. He was one of the most influential founding fathers. He became the first Vice President and second President of the United States and was first to have lived in white house after its completion in 1800. He sponsored the American Revolution (Massachusetts). Adams represented the congress in Europe and became a good negotiator of the peace treaty with the former colony, Great Britain. His advocacy for money market in Amsterdam became a driving innovation tat necessitated the success of the revolution. He founded an accomplished lineage of diplomats, politicians and historians. He became prominent as a crusader against the Stamp Act in 1765. From this time on Americans gathered for deliberations on governance documents writing of the constitution. The Massachusetts new constitution of 1780 was largely his brainchild and structured largely his views on politics and society. Debate and experiential pressures abandoned the classical conception in politics that equated the government to a mirror of social entity. The new concept was the popular sovereignty that was synonymous to people power. Adams did not engage in slave trade and decided to employ slaves for their labor. He spoke against it and struggled to entrench in bills, their emancipation. In his presidency, he stressed the embracement of civic virtue and was free from scandals. His presidency was marked with intense debates o foreign policy. The republicans favored the British while the Democrats favored the France in the British-French war. During his tenure as president, the Neutralization Act, the Alien Act, The Alien Enemies Act and the Sedition Act were passed in response to his foreign policy that were meant to suppress the republican opposition John Adams remains the longest-lived person ever elected to both of the highest offices in the United States. He was raised as a Congregationalist. He later became a Unitarian. He also embraced deism and had beliefs in the fundamental goodness of creation but not in the divinity of Jesus Christ or in the belief that God intervened in individual lives. He advocated the separation between the church and the state. He strove for a kind of rel igion based on common intuition and reason. He was against, in his opinion, the claim of supremacy by the Catholic Church. Works cited Adams, John, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams,L.H. Butterfield, Editor.(Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961.) Brown, Ralph A. The Presidency of John Adams, 1988 Adams, C.F. The Works of John Adams, with Life (10 vols. Boston, 1850–1856) Oliver Ellsworth Oliver Ellsworth was born on 29th 1745 in Windsor to Captain David Ellsworth and Jemima Leavitt Ellsworth. He enrolled at Yale in 1762 but later transferred to Princeton during his second year. He studied theology and got his degree in two years time. Ellsworth, however, turned to law. He got admitted to the bar in 1771 and became very successful in law. By 1773, Ellsworth had married Abigail Wolcott. She was the daughter of Abigail and William Wolcott. They had a total of nine children. Oliver became a revolutionist against British rule. He helped draft the United States Constitution. He was later to be a Chief Justice of the United States. One of his notable contributions to federal legislation was the motion of 1787 made by which moved that the government be called a National Government. Ellsworth opposed this successfully to retain the name the â€Å"United States Government†, as it had been since the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In 1777, Oliver became Hart ford County’s Connecticuts state attorney. He was also chosen the as a representative at the Continental Congress. He was very active during the Revolution and served as committee member at the Pay table. He joined the Appelas committee, the forerunner for the Federal Supreme Court. During this service, one of the notable cases was that of Olmstead that brought conflict between state and federal authority. He worked in the constitutional Convention in Philadelphia along with William Samwel Johnson Roger Sherman having participated in the barring of judicial review and later in having implemented it in the Judiciary Act of 1789. During the proceedings, he proposed the use of â€Å"United States† to identify the nation in order to maintain sustain the weight on a joint federation as opposed to a single national entity. In the next three weeks, (30th May 1787) Edmund Randolph moved to form a national government encompassing supreme legislative arm , an executive arm an d a judiciary arm of government which Ellsworth accepted . Ellsworth was for the Three Fifths Compromise on the enumeration of slaves. He defended slavery to be within state authority which was permitted by the Constitution. He served in the senate of federal government where his service was from 1789 to 1796. During this time the federal government was granted much authority that was rejected because its misuse could be used to rebuff the Constitution during State Ratifying Conventions. On ending the conventions, Ellsworth was able to render the sovereignty of the federal government justifiable, but through judicial evaluation instead of congressional appraisal. When the Judiciary Act was adopted, he sponsored the Senates reception and acceptance of the Bill of Rights advocated for in the House of Representatives. This combination of Judiciary Act and the Bill of Rights rendered the Constitution â€Å"toothy, a situation that had not been contained in the Articles of Conf ederation. This guaranteed the sovereignty of the federal government whereas the Bill of Rights ensured the protection of both states and citizens from the misuse of this dominion by the federal government. These two acts thus counterbalanced each other. In his later life, Ellsworth became too generous to Napoleon. This provoked indignation from Americans. He got ill as a result of traveling across the Atlantic. His Federalist Party fell into disarray and was defeated by Republican Party. Ellsworth retired from public life in 1801. He was later to serve on the Connecticut Governors Council until his death Windsor. He died in 1807 and was buried in the cemetery of the First Church of Windsor. Works cited The Life of Oliver Ellsworth, William Garrott Brown, 1905repr. by Da Capo Press, 1970. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, ed. by Max Farrand, 4 vols. Yale University Press, 1911, 1966. James Madisons Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, James Brown Scott, Oxford University Press, 1918. James Madison, Jr James Madison, one of the founding fathers of the US and the fourth president and also considered the father of the US constitution, was born on 16th march 1751 and was the eldest of James Madison Senior and Eleanor Rose Conway’s twelve children. He spent most of his childhood at the tobacco plantations of his father at Orange County in Virginia. He attended the Church of England which was the state religion of Virginia, then. Madison married Dolley Payne Todd September 1794, seventeen years younger who was attractive and vivacious. She is largely credited for inventing the First Lady as a political adviser to the president. They however, did not have children. He was the shortest and lightest president having been 5 4 tall and about100 Lbs. he was the last of the founding fathers to die. In politics, his distinctive belief was that the new country needed checks and balances to regulate special interests or factions. He was a fighter against aristocracy and public corrupt ion that were the hallmark of republicanism. He worked with President George Washington during his congress stint to promote federalism in government. He opposed the Aliens and Seditions Acts. As president, he led the War in1812 against Great Britain to protect the US economic rights. This was marred by defeats but that ended on a high note with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. This was followed by the new spirit of nationalism which swept the country. During this time, he reversed many of his decisions and ended up supporting second National Bank, strong army and high tariffs to protect factories established during the war. He advocated a new constitution to overcome divisiveness in the country. His three-branch system of federal governance is the basis of the constitution today. Madison was shy but most outspoken members of the Congress. He looked forward to a strong federal system of governance with powers to overrule actions of the states deemed mistaken. This he found fulfilling in the role of the Supreme Court in championing this course. As the Federalist Party collapsed, the Era of Good Feeling emerged with lower levels of political fear. Political contention however continued. Madison left the presidency a poorer man than when he entered, due to the steady financial collapse of his plantation. Works Cited Brant, Irving. James Madison, 6 vols. Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1961. Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. Macmillan, 1971. Rakove, Jack N., ed. James Madison, Writings, Library of America, 1999 James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison (W.W. Norton, 1987 James M. Smith, ed. The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826. 3 vols.W.W. Norton,1995. Walter Forward Walter Forward was born in January 24th, 1786. He was a lawyer and a politician. He attended the common schools after moving with his father to Aurora. He studied law and was in the bar by 1806. He was elected into the congress in 1822 and later reelected in the 18th congress and to the 19th congress. In March 1841, he was appointed by President William Harrison to be the first comptroller of the Treasury. He served here till September 1841. The Independent Treasury System of 1840 repealed the position of 13th Secretary of the Treasury. Funds were deposited once more with commercial banks. Forward took office and was asked by Millard Fillmore, the chairman of the committee of House Ways and Means to work out a plan to amplify the tariff as a response to the decrease in revenue as a result of the Panic during 1837. This includes development of a plan for a Board of Exchequer to help in disbursement of disburses customs revenue. A protective tariff was passed. Due to constant f riction with the president, he was forced to leave the cabinet in February 1843. Walter embraced the economics and democracy of the Jacksonian democracy with philosophies as expanded suffrage where voting rights were more important and were expanded throughout the country; the manifest destiny, patronage or the spoils system, favored federal governance and most importantly, the laissez faire economics. This was a hands-off approach that was strongly advocated by William Leggett in New York City. The argument was that the government’s control in economic activities was likely to favor groups with special privileges which were unfavorable to the common man. Between 1819 and 1837 the nation experienced a great acceleration in economic growth. It was a great westward expansion, enhanced mechanization in production and both modern domestic and international markets. There was a shift to nonagricultural economy where there was reduction in agricultural activities. There was terr itorial specialization overall increased productivity. Eastern capital investment improved as a result of western industrial expansion. The economies grew up as a deliberate political act focusing on forming larger markets and continued growth of the economy of the early republic. Forward’s stewardship at the helm of treasury speeded up this Jacksonian economy. Works cited Schob, David E.; Hired Hands and Ploughboys: Farm Labor in the Midwest 1815-1860, University of Illinois Press, 1975. Sharp, James R.; The Jacksonians Versus the Bank, Columbia University Press, 1970. Taylor, George R.; The Transportation Revolution 1815-1860, Harper Torchbook, 1951. Stephen Arnold Douglas Born in Brandon, Stephen Douglas came to Illinois in 1833, as a teacher. He studied law before settling in Jacksonville. He is on record to have told his relatives, I have become a Western man, have embraced Western feelings principles and interests and have selected Illinois as the favorite place of my adoption. His nickname Little Giant was because he was short but good in politics. He was a capable party leader. He was skillful in debate and legislation. When President James Buchanan tried attempted to pass a Federal slave code against the wishes of the people of Kansas, he was instrumental in its defeat describing it as undemocratic. He was deeply religious and loved higher education. He founded the Chicago Baptist Seminary. Douglas defended the doctrine enhancing popular sovereignty to promote democracy and remove slavery from politics. He disagreed with Abraham Lincoln on this topic on legal, moral and economic arguments on slavery. He did not think of slaveholdin g as witty but as a barrier to free society. Douglas died at Chicago as a result of typhoid on 3rd June 1861 and was buried on the Shore of Michigan Lake. Works Cited Capers, Gerald M. Stephen A. Douglas: Defender of the Union.1959 Clinton, Anita Watkins. Stephen Arnold Douglas His Mississippi Experience Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(2): 56-88. Stevenson, James A. Lincoln vs. Douglas over the Republican Ideal American Studies 1994 35(1): 63-89 Zarefsky, David. Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: in the Crucible of Public Debate U. of Chicago Press, 1990. 309 pp Module 10 Henry Clay, Sr. Henry Clay born on 12th April 1777 was the seventh of nine children. His father Baptist minister, was Rev. John Clay (also called Sir John) died four years into his birth. He left Henry, his brothers, two slaves for each and his wife eighteen slaves and 464acres. Son, his mother married Captain Henry Watkins with whom he bore another nine children. Clay had his elementary education from Peter Deacon who was a British teacher. He was hired as a shop attendant in Richmond. He was raised by a boy’s club but later got secured an employment by his step father in the Court of Chancery’s office. Here, he displayed great understanding of law was a secretary to George Wythe where he was forwarded by the chancellor to the Virginia attorney generals office where he received formal education and was admitted to the bar n 1797. He established court oratory where he received payments of horses and land from his practice where he owned numerous ots and the Kentucky Hotel. Clay married Lucretia Hart and with her, had eleven children. In 1811, he was elected United States House of Representatives and chosen as house speaker breaking a record. He was elected five more times into the same post. He helped establish the American Colonization Society that championed the sending of freed slaves to Africa where Liberia and Monrovia were founded. A dispute erupted In 1820 over the expansion of slavery in Missouri.. Clay helped in settling this dispute. He gained approval from the Congress for the Missouri Compromise. This saw Missouri and Maine as slave state and Free State respectively. Clay was a leading American crusader for revolutions and independence movements in Latin America .Between 1821 and 1826 he asserted the recognition of all the new countries with the exception of Uruguay which was recognized later. Clay died in at the age of 75 in Washington D.C. He was buried at Lexington. His headstone reads, I know no North no South no East no West. Works Cited Eaton, Clement. (1957). Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 25. Adams, John Quincy; Adams, Charles Francis (1874). Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848. J.B. Lippincott Co., 501–505. Remini, Robert. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union, 1991 Zarefsky, David. Henry Clay and the Election of 1844: The Limits of Rhetoric of Compromise Rhetoric Public Affairs, 2003. 6(1): 79-96.