Art and Visual Arts free essay sample

The Meaning and Scope of The Humanities The word humanities originates from the latin humanus, which implies human, refined and refined. To be human is to be have or show characteristics like levelheadedness, graciousness and delicacy. It has various implications in various chronicled periods. Today, in any case, we are aware of humanities as an inexactly characterized gathering of social branches of knowledge. In contrast to different subjects, it's anything but a gathering of logical or specialized subjects. The Scope of Humanities The humanities is a many-faceted subject. It is comprise of the visual expressions, writing, show and theater, music, and move. . Visual Arts The visual expressions sre those that we see with our eyes. It include painting and figure as well as incorporate such things as garments, family unit machines, and outfitting of our homes, schools, and structures. They might be ordered into two gatherings; realistic expressions (level or two-dimensional surface) a nd plastic expressions (three-dimensional). a. Realistic Arts Broadly, this term covers any type of visual artistics portrayal, particularly painting, drawing, photography, and so forth or in which depictions of structures and images are recorded on two-dimensional surface. Printers additionally utilize the term realistic craftsmanship to depict all procedure and results of the printing business. b. Plastic Arts This gathering remembers all fields of the visual expressions for which material are sorted out into three-dimensional structures. 2. Writing The specialty of consolidating verbally expressed or composed words and their implications into structures which have artistics and passionate intrigue is called writing. 3. Dramatization and Theater A show or play is a story re-made by entertainers on a phase before a group of people. 4. Music The craft of organizing sounds in cadenced progression and by and large in blend. Tune results from this succession and congruity from the mixes. Music is both an innovative and a performing craftsmanship. The regular structures are tune, walk, fugue, sonata, suite, dream, concerto and orchestra. 5. Move Dance includes the development of the body and the feet in beat. Some significant sorts incorporate ethnologic, social or formal dances, artful dance, present day and melodic parody. Strategy for Presenting of Arts Subject 1. Authenticity In painting, this is the endeavor to depict the subject for what it's worth. In any event, when the craftsman picks a subject from nature, he chooses, changes, and organizes subtleties to communicate the thought he needs to make it understood. Pragmatists attempt to be as goal as could be expected under the circumstances. Here the artist’s fundamental capacity is to depict as precisely and really as conceivable what is seen through the faculties. Be that as it may, during the time spent choosing and introducing his material, he can't resist being affected by what he feels or thinks. 2. Deliberation It implies â€Å"to move away or discrete. †Abstract craftsmanship moves from demonstrating things as tey truly seem to be. The painter or craftsman paints the image not as it truly looked. The image isn't much the same as life. It isn't â€Å"realistic. † This is utilized when the craftsman turns out to be so inspired by one period of a scene or a circumstance thet he doesn't show the subject at all as a goal reality, yet just his thought or his inclination about it. 3. Imagery An image by and large is an obvious indication of something undetectable, for example, a thought or a quality. It very well may be basically a seal or sign like: % to speak to percent, a lion to speak to mental fortitude, a sheep to speak to quietness. . Fauvism This was the main significant workmanship development of the 1900’s. the fauves prospered as a gathering just from around 1903 to 1907 however their style incredibly affected numerous later specialists. Henry Matisse drove the development and other significant fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, George Rouault, all from France. 5. Dadaism A dissent deve lopment in human expressions was framed in 1916 by a gathering of craftsman and writers in Zurich, Switzerland. The Dadaist responded to what they accepted were outworn conventions in craftsmanship, and the shades of malice they found in the public arena. 6. Oddity This development in craftsmanship and writing was established in Paris in 1924 by the French artist Andre Breton. 7. Expresionism A way of painting and chiseling in which normal structures and hues are mutilated and misrepresented. This technique was presented in Germany during the principal decade of the twentieth century that is portrayed primarily by overwhelming, regularly BLACK lines that characterize structure forcefully differentiating over the clear hues. 8. Impressionism A style of painting created in the last third of the nineteenth century portrayed by short lively strokes of brilliant shading to make the impressionism of light on objects.

Eco-Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eco-Design - Essay Example rising and contending in the worldwide market, has put an extreme strain on the accessible regular assets and making a situation well disposed item has been consigned to the foundation. The three fundamental issues that an eco-structure addresses are (1) The new age client is getting more data with respect to the threats of condition contamination. He is in this way getting progressively educated in regards to the decisions he can make while choosing an item. Consequently he can request items that are protected and condition cordial which prompts an immediate weight on organizations to think of inventive and eco-accommodating answers for their items. (2) An administration that is delicate to the worries of nature will bring out laws, specifications and rules inside which an item needs to work. Adherence to these rules requires makers to refine and tune their item advancement procedures. A portion of the outstanding global laws and guidelines incorporate the Hazardous Waste Act of Australia(1989) and the ‘Export and Import of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Recyclable Material(2005) of Canada .(Eco-Design: European State of the Art, 2007) (3) The business in itself attempts to take ownership of its duty and good commitment of giving its clients items that are perfect and which are inside the structure of being called naturally economical (1) The way toward creating eco-structures presents the plan group and at last the producer a large group of chances to evaluate new variations of plans that serve to turn out to be monetarily also. (2) A reconsider of the plan perspective right from its origin stage may prompt a general improvement in nature of the item. Aside from being in a state of harmony with the condition the general proficiency of the item may expand prompting a success win circumstance. The Eco-Design idea that has been defined and created by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) figures a

American Indians Essay

The individuals presently known as Indians or Native Americans were the principal individuals to live in the Americas. They had been living there for a huge number of years before any Europeans showed up. The Vikings investigated the east shoreline of North America around A. D. 1000 and had some contact with Indians (Watson and Howell 1980). Be that as it may, enduring contact among Indians and Europeans started with Christopher Columbus’s journeys to the Americas. In 1492, Columbus cruised over the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. He was looking for a short ocean course to the Indies, which at that point included India, China, the East Indies, and Japan. Europeans didn't then have the foggiest idea about that North and South America existed. At the point when Columbus arrived in what is currently known as the West Indies, he didn't understand he had gone to a New World. He thought he had arrived at the Indies, thus he called the individuals he met Indians. Pretty much every Indian gathering had its own name. Huge numbers of these names mirrored the pride of each gathering in itself and its lifestyle. For instance, the Delaware Indians of eastern North America called themselves Lenape, which implies real individuals. Today, numerous Indians allude to themselves as Native Americans. The primary Indians went to the New World from Siberia, in Asia. Most researchers think they showed up at any rate 15,000 years back. Around then colossal ice sheets secured a great part of the northern portion of the earth. The Bering Strait, which today is a tight territory of water that isolates Asia and North America, was handily strolled across by the Indians who were following the creatures that they were chasing. A lot later this ice sheet dissolved and the land connect got secured with water. By at that point, Indian gatherings had just spread all through the New World, all over North and South America. These Indian gatherings created various societies in view of the various atmospheres and landforms in the areas where they settled. Body Anthropologists, researchers who study human culture, arrange the many North and South American Indian clans into gatherings of clans that are indistinguishable. These gatherings are called culture zones. A portion of the way of life of North America are the Arctic; the Northeast, or Eastern Woodlands; the Plains; and Southwest. The Indians communicated in several distinct dialects and had a wide range of lifestyles. A few gatherings lived in incredible urban areas and others in little towns. The Aztec and the Maya of Central America constructed huge urban communities. A portion of the Aztec urban areas had upwards of 100,000 individuals. The Maya fabricated extraordinary structures in which they considered the moon, the stars, and the sun. They additionally built up a schedule and an arrangement of composing. A large number of the Indians of Eastern North America lived in towns. They chased and cultivated, developing such harvests as beans, corns and squash (Bains, 1985). The greater part of the Indians were agreeable from the outset and shown the newcomers numerous things. The European voyagers followed Indian path to wellsprings of water and stores of copper, gold, silver, turquoise, and different minerals. The Indians instructed them to make snowshoes and sleds and to go by kayak. Food was one more of the Indians’ significant blessings. The Indians developed numerous nourishments that the newcomers had never known about, for example, avocados, corn, peanuts, peppers, pineapples, potatoes, squash, and tomatoes. They likewise acquainted the whites with tobacco. The Indians, thus, gained much from the whites. The Europeans brought numerous products that were new to the Indians. These products included metal apparatuses, weapons, and alcohol. The Europeans likewise brought steers and ponies, which were obscure to the Indians. The Europeans and the Indians had generally various lifestyles. A few Europeans attempted to comprehend the Indians’ ways and treated them reasonably. Be that as it may, others conned the Indians and took their territory. At the point when the Indians retaliated, a large number of them were slaughtered in fight. From the start, they had just quits and lances, yet the Europeans had firearms. Much more Indians passed on from measles, smallpox, and other new ailments presented by the whites. As the Europeans moved westbound across North America, they turned into a more prominent danger to the Indian lifestyle. At long last, a large portion of the rest of the Indians were moved onto reservations. Most day by day exercises of an Indian family fixated on giving the fundamental necessities of life, for example, food, garments, and asylum. People for the most part had separate assignments. For instance, the two people were regularly engaged with giving food. In any case, they did as such in various ways. In certain regions, the ladies assembled wild plants for food, and the men chased. In the Northeast and Southeast culture zones, the men chased, and the ladies cultivated the land. In parts of what are presently Arizona and New Mexico and in Middle and South America, the men did the cultivating. The ladies assembled plants. In all regions, ladies were commonly liable for setting up the food. Numerous Indians wedded at an early age, the young ladies somewhere in the range of 13 and 15 and the young men somewhere in the range of 15 and 20. In some Indian clans, the guardians or different family members picked the marriage accomplices for the youngsters. In different clans, particularly those of North America, a youngster could choose his own mate. He needed to persuade the young lady and her folks that he would make an appropriate spouse. By and large, he offered them important endowments to win their endorsement. All through the vast majority of the New World, marriage was a family issue and not a strict service. The boy’s family for the most part offered presents to the bride’s family. Numerous recently hitched couples lived with the girl’s family and the spouse worked for her family until the introduction of a youngster. At that point the couple may build up their own home. In any case, they by and large didn't move to another home in another zone. Numerous other recently wedded couples joined a current family gathering or lived near one. A portion of the couples moved in with different family members of the lady or with the family members of the man. This more distant family imparted to the every day work of the family, including the bringing up of youngsters. Numerous Indian gatherings permitted men to have more than one spouse. In any case, this training was basic just among rich or influential men. After a man kicked the bucket, his significant other would frequently live with his sibling as a couple regardless of whether the sibling was at that point wedded. Additionally, if a lady passed on, her family would most likely be required to give her better half another unmarried girl to supplant her. Most Indian families were little in light of the fact that numerous kids passed on during childbirth or as infants. Indian kids were applauded when they carried on well and disgraced when they got out of hand. Just the Aztec and Inca clans had standard schools. Young men and young ladies of different clans figured out how to perform men’s and women’s occupations by helping their folks and more seasoned siblings and sisters. After most young men arrived at their initial youngsters, they experienced a trial of solidarity or dauntlessness called an inception function. Many abandoned nourishment for an extensive stretch or lived alone in the wild. In certain clans, a kid was relied upon to have a dream of the soul that would turn into his long lasting gatekeeper. A few gatherings likewise had commencement services for young ladies. A young person who effectively finished a commencement function was viewed as a grown-up and fit to be hitched. Food that Indians ate relied upon where they lived. Indian clans that lived on the fields of the United States, where wild ox and other game were abundant, ate essentially meat. Meat was likewise the central food of those Indians who possessed the forests and tundra (bone chilling treeless plain) of Alaska and Canada. The Pueblo of the Southwest and other cultivating bunches lived essentially on beans, corn, and squash. Potatoes were a significant yield among the Inca. MacNeish (1992) expressed that Indians in the tropical zones of South America made bread from the underlying foundations of severe cassava, a little bush. Clans that lived close to water got fish and accumulated shellfish. Most Indian gatherings ate berries, nuts, roots, seeds, and wild plants. They likewise accumulated salt and gathered maple sap any place they could. Indians made a sort of tea from such plants as sassafras and wintergreen. Numerous Indians drank a mellow brew that was known as chicha. They made this lager from corn, cassava, peanuts, or potatoes. Indians who ate generally meat cooked it by simmering, searing, or bubbling. Cultivating Indians and other people who ate primarily vegetables created different techniques for bubbling or preparing. They frequently made pit stoves by fixing gaps in the ground with hot stones. Indians protected meat by smoking it or by drying it in the sun. North American Indians blended dried meat in with oil and berries to make a food called pemmican. Most Indians ate with their fingers, yet some pre-owned spoons produced using creature bones, shells, or wood. Indians assembled numerous sorts of homes since they lived in various atmospheres and had diverse structure materials accessible to them (Brandt and Guzzi, 1985). The individuals who moved about an extraordinary arrangement had straightforward asylums they could convey effectively, or they constructed brief safe houses. Indians who remained in one spot manufactured bigger, increasingly lasting homes. A few gatherings assembled enormous houses where numerous families lived respectively. Others had straightforward residences that housed just a couple of individuals. At times, cover changed with the season. A few Indians in Canada manufactured snow houses throughout the winter. Be that as it may, in the mid year, they lived in tents made of creature covers up. In the United States, these Indians are in some cases called Eskimos. In different zones, the Indians secured their lean-tos with creature skins or with tree rind. Indians at the southern tip of South America additionally utilized skins to cover covers called windbreaks, which were open on one side. A few clans of the Northwest made fabric of bark and reeds, and the Pueblo wove cotton material. The Aztec, Inca, Maya, and some Caribbean clans wove wonderful cotton and woolen material. Indians in the hot South American regions regularly wore no apparel by any stretch of the imagination. In numerous clans, a man wore just a breechcloth, a thin band of fabric that went between the legs and circled over the front and back of a belt. Ladies wore straightforward cover

Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma :: essays research papers

Through A Narrow Chink: An Ethical Dilemma      In 1951 Carl Djerassi, with the Mexican pharmaceutical organization Syntex, built up the primary oral prophylactic by combining and adjusting the normal hormone Progesterone into a superpotent, profoundly viable oral progestational hormone called "norethindrone".      Admittedly, the elements and significance of this find were amazing, since before this the main methods for contraception was fetus removal, and even that was not authorized at that point.      The race to create this manufactured operator was profoundly serious, being looked for after by numerous pharmaceuticals all through the world, and for a little youngster organization in Mexico out of every other place on earth to think that its first just added to the energy of the accomplishment.      Yet beside this energy and serious enthusiasm something extraordinary and upsetting was being skirted. Science, in my view had accomplished something extraordinary without investigating the conceivable outcomes of where this would lead.      I trust Djerassi, like most researchers of his day, was so spellbound by the energy of integrating his item and accomplishing his objective that he didn't stop to think about the repercussions of his achievement. The moral quandary was not investigated before hand, and this to me is the extraordinary catastrophe of most logical disclosure, since I solidly accept every researcher is answerable for that which he makes. Djerassi confronts a couple of inquiries of morals and profound quality after the truth.      On page 61, in section 6, he thinks about the contention of the utilization of poor Mexican and Puertorrican ladies for fundamental tests. Is this equitable another appearance of misuse of poor people?      Djerassi says in no way, shape or form.      Yes, the poor our the underlying guinea pigs for explore yet this is no not the same as what dental specialists, stylists, and youthful specialists do. These bunches utilize the poor to sharpen their aptitudes, not on account of the poor ladies' obliviousness but since working class, resident, white ladies are probably not going to volunteer their administrations for science.      My fundamental issue with this is he guarantees they won't "volunteer" their administrations. Obviously not, they know about the conceivable hindering impacts of such experimentation. This is clearly in light of the fact that they are most likely all the more profoundly taught the poor Hispanic ladies. Destitution regularly blocks a need of good tutoring and instruction. In this manner the attention to such a gathering to logical investigations will in all likelihood be a lot of lower. They presumably knew nothing of logical research by any means, not to mention how to peruse an assent structure that leaves them without legitimate plan of action.      Djerassi makes reference to this too, the possibility that he can not offer them assent structures since they can't peruse.      That appears to be ridiculous to me!      If he can not illuminate his patients regarding the conceivable reactions then what

Blog Archive Learn About Consulting Firsthand from McKinsey Company!

Blog Archive Learn About Consulting Firsthand from McKinsey Company! mbaMission is proud to announce an exclusive online event presented by prestigious worldwide management consultancy McKinsey Company. Have you ever wondered what management consulting actually is or what a consultant does? If so, this is your chance to learn firsthand from seasoned McKinsey Company consultants Ahmed Darwish and Mary Katherine Flanigan via the free, live webinar “Beyond Buzzwords: What Is Consulting?” During this online event, Ahmed and Mary Katherine will share a broad overview of consulting and the work they do, while also providing insight into the following topics: What a day in the life of a consultant is like How consultants are staffed on projects The composition of consultant teams How consultants interact with clients They will also respond to questions from attendees, so claim your spot today to get the inside scoop on this dynamic industry and career choice! Event Details Date: Monday, October 24, 2016 Time: 8 p.m. EST Location: Online â€" room link will be provided after registration Cost: Click here to register for FREE! We look forward to having you join us for this valuable session! Share ThisTweet mbaMission Events News

Organisational Dynamic Capabilities Through - Free Essay Example

Organisational Dynamic Capabilities through Information Systems A system is a group of components that interact to achieve some purpose (Kroenke, Bunker Wilson 2010). The responsibility of the Information systems is to offer information to management which will facilitate them their decision making process, which guarantee that the organization is controlled to a certain level. If the system meets the needs of the competitive environment the organization will be in control. Management information system is the development and use of information systems that help business achieve their goals and objective (Kroenke, Bunker Wilson 2010). Management information system is an exciting, fast-changing, turbulent field in today’s competitive world and it plays a significant role, which allows the organization to achieve their goals and strategies effectively and efficiently complying with intricate legislations as well. Most organizations management information systems make broad use of information technology. The reasons, why computerized management information systems have become well-known are confirmed in advantages of speed, accuracy and dependability and also by having a high degree of flexibility as well. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages in management information systems as every positive has its negative side as well. Where it mainly attacks innovation and intuition of decision making and the creativity could have been applied by human. According to Philip Kotler â€Å" A marketing information systems consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers (Kotler 2005). † Business process is a network of activities, resources, facilities and information that interact to achieve some business function. In other words business processes generate information by bringing together important items or data in a given co ntext. Example, the sales department stores data about customer orders. Finance and Accounting use sales data to generate invoice and process payments. The Marketing department draws on the customer data and sales information for effective marketing campaigns. Human Resources store information about company employees, their skills and professional development needs. The central data base facilitates keeping track of stock and production levels for manufacturing and production areas of business. Centralized information helps even a small run effectively and relies on real time information (Benson Tribe 2008). To achieve competitive advantage businesses should comply with developed new systems to consider the threats and opportunities to confront among others, where capability to use basic information system is necessary and that stage of knowledge as well as the use, does not give a competitive advantage among others. Management Information systems has its own challenges as we ll, where having a cheaper factor of production, lack of availability for skilled and experienced workforce, technological obsolescence, Information overload etc. Benefits the users can gain by having a well developed information systems are enormous and some of main advantages could be Added value to products, Competitive advantage, Greater Accuracy, Efficient administration, Superior financial management decision making, improved communication and Increase efficiency productivity. However management information systems have disadvantages as well. Most common coercion faced by management information systems could be computer viruses, theft, unauthorized use (hacking), sabotage (individual industrial) and vandalism. The greatest benefit of MIS is that it gives power to do what people want to do. It lets people be productive and learn things they didn’t think they could learn before, and so in a sense it is all about potential. Reference * Benson, V Tribe, K 2008, Bu siness Information Management, Ventus Publishing Aps * Elizabeth, H 2008, Business Information Systems, Ventus Publishing Aps * Haag, S, Batzan, P Philips, A 2006 Business Driven Technology. McGraw-Hill * Kroenke, D. , Bunker, D. , Wilson, D. (2010). Experiencing MIS. Pearson, NSW Australia. * Silay, J Koronios, A 2006, Information Technology: Security and Risk Management. J Wiley

Charles England France

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4631 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? HIP 1: Charles VII- King of France In this episode, the focus is on Charles VII, the King of France from 1422 till his death. He was born on February 22, 1403 as the fifth son to Charles VI. He was referred to as the well-served or the victorious. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Charles England France | History Dissertations" essay for you Create order Prior to his ascendancy into the kingship, he was opposed by Henry VI of England who had ruling servants in parts of Paris. His success was questioned by the English. However, his crowning in 1429 was quite famous thanks to the wishes of John-of-Arc to set the French free from English occupation. Charles VII had to flee in May 1418 after a battalion of Duke of Burgindy (John) tried to capture Paris. He attempted a diplomatic reconciliation a year later to the Duke. This failed and he had to make a follow up on the bridge of Montreau. In the final meeting, his men set upon the unsuspecting duke and killed him. He is reported to have been oblivious of this. However, his involvement was later questioned. This furthered the mistrust between his family and the Duke’s. His adolescence was a mark of bravery. I led an army against the English but suffered humiliation when he once had to withdraw against Henry V. His parents were not pleased and lashed at me for being a failing h eir to the throne. In the thick of this controversy, Charles fled to the Queen Yolande of the Four Kingdoms of Aragon to whose daughter, Marie, he got married. An important factor that led to his success was his support for the powerful and the wealthy family of his wife, Marie. His greatest love was his mistress. He was later crowned king after the battle at Patay on the 17th of July, 1429. He recaptured Paris and later all French territories, save for Port Calais.† Later, his reign saw a bitter struggle from his son, Louis, who became the owner of the throne as Louis VI. Although his kingship was overshadowed by the Martyrdom of his mother-in-law, Joan of Arc, he was largely credited for the success of the French Kingdom. Charles VII died on July, 22 1461. HIP 2: Juan de Quevedo Juan de Quevedo- Spanish-Franciscan- was born in Barcelona on 24th December, 1519. She was appointed bishop of Santa Maria at Antigua by Pope Leo X at the request of King Ferdinand becoming the first bishop on the mainland of America. I embarked at San Lucar with Padrarias Davila, then the governor of Darien. I soon found working with Pedrarias unbearable because of his acts of cruelty to Indians and rivals. The beheading of Vasco Nunez of Balboa who had discovered Pacific Ocean broke into a misunderstanding between the two of us. Charges were brought against me for violating understandings, accumulating wealth and a neglect on Indians. These accusations were never established and therefore I turned to seeking audience from Spain presenting two notifications to King Charles against Padrarias and for reducing powers of all the Governors of the New found World for better protection of the natives. These notifications were countersigned by Las Casas. The developments may have de moralized the bishop who soon fell sick and died at Barcelona. However Quevedo’s championship for the Native Americans, his involvement and views were adulterated by his insistence that the aborigines were men impossible to instruct or transform unless they were lumped in caucuses or missionary centers and continually supervised. Works Cited Hanawalt, Barbara. The Middle Ages: An Illustrated History. Taylor, Alinne, Isabel of Burgundy Module 2 Gonzalo Fernà ¡ndez de Oviedo y Valdà ©s Gonzalo was born Fernà ¡ndez Oviedo in August 1478 in Madrid of a dignified Asturian decency and schooled in the backyard of Ferdinand, was a writer and a historian. By the age of thirteen, he was contact to their non heir son, Juan. He was in attendance at the siege at Granada, and there witnessed Christopher Columbus prior to his expedition to the North Americas. When Juan died in (October 1497, Oviedo left for Italy, and there he was escritoire to Fernandez de Cordoba. By 1514 he had been chosen supervisor of gold-smelting in Santo Domingo. When he returned to Spain in 1523, he became a historiographer of Indies. He went to America five more times before his death in 1557. Oviedos first writing was a romance in Chivalric entitled â€Å"Libro del muy esforzado e invencible caballero Don Claribalte† meaning â€Å"Book of the very striving and invincible knight Don Claribalt† published in Valencia in 1519. In the foreword, he relates conceiving the work while in S anto Domingo. This indicates that his first literary piece of work was formulated in the â€Å"New World†. Even though the work was in dispersed style, it contained curious information obtained first hand. The incomplete edition was widely published in English by Eden in 1555 and in French by Poleur in 1556 respectively. Las Casas described it as containing almost as many lies as pages. He put the most favorable construal on the dealings of his countrymen. Though, with a bias to his country, which was quite obvious, his narrative is both trustworthy and appealing. Through his book, first the Europeans and then the world, learnt about the tobacco, hammock, and the pineapple. This is because they were used by Native Indians that he met. He was placed to head the Fortaleza in the Santo Domingo. A large statue of him given to Dominicans by the Spanish King still stands there. In his other publications, he sets out to write gossips about eminent colleagues. These old-fash ioned, moralizing anecdote collections were first produced in Madrid. Works cited Agustà ­n G. de Amezà ºa. Introduction to the facsimile reprint of Libro de Claribalte by the Spanish Royal Academy, Madrid, 1956 Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition article Gonzalo Oviedo Y Valdes, During early 17th century colonization in North America the lifestyles of the Englishmen had varied enormously in the Northern region. The variation in New England and Southern or Northern lives were registered in their social lives, economic activities, as well as their systems of governance. Colonial societies in New England were formed on the basis of freedom in family and religion which were stable. New England immigrants came into N. America as families with a tag of longevity and conglomerating together. There were few diseases and thus populations surged. Samuel de Champlain Samuel Champlain, born on 25th December 1567 and who became known as the Father of New France was came from a protestant family in the Saintonge Province. He made a journey from the Port town of Brouage on the west coast of France, sojourned into Canada before meeting his death in 1635 in Quebec. A sailor, he also came to be respected as a talented navigator, a cartographer, and the founder of Quebec City. Champlain was instrumental in opening North America to trade with the French. This trade majored in fur. He would spend many years in managing and explorations in North America and then back to France to collect more funds through lobbying, publishing and reporting on his findings in the New world. These activities were instrumental for further explorations and subsequent colonization. Champlain was tolerant and his first name (Samwel) was an indication of belonging to a non catholic. The name was not usually given to Catholic children. On his first arrival, he created the St Lawrence River Map. He was then asked by Henry IV to make a comprehensive report on his discoveries. He joined other expeditions and helped found, the protestant settlement at the Saint Croix Island. He was forced to endure a harsh winter in the new settlement that necessitated the abandonment of the island come spring. He relocated the settlers to up at the Fundy coast of Nova Scotia in Port Royal where he set camp until 1607when he later decided to explore the Atlantic coast. Between 1605 and 1606, he explored a land, now Cape Cod but was met by skirmishes from resident. The Monomoyick Indians discouraged him from the idea that prompted him to name the place as Port Fortune. In the summer of 1609, he changed tact and tried better relations with the First Nations. He formed working alliances with the Wendat. (The French called them the Huron) and the Algonquin, the Montagnais and the Etchemin, who required Champlain to help them in their war with the Iroquois at the south. In this, he was able to map Lake Champlain. In the proceeding wars, Champlain killed some Iroquois who fled. This was the stage for the French- Iroquois relationship that spanned the next one hundred years. He returned to France shortly but was back with the Hurons. He went into war again with the Iroquois but due to premature attacks, they were defeated. He sustained injuries, healed up and decided to learn the country. He wondered into hunting and got lost. He bumped into a bunch of Indians by chanced. He spent a couple of months learning their ways and customs and manners. He was however back in Quebec in 1616, came back to New France in 1620 but as an administrator for the rest of his life. He died of stroke in 1635 leaving no heirs. Works cited Dalton, Roy. The Jesuit Estates Question 1760-88, p. 60. University of Toronto Press, 1968. Morris, Bishop. Samuel de Champlain: The Life of Fortitude (New York: Knopf, 1948), 6-7. Samuel Eliot Morison, Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France (Little Brown, 1972) Champlain: the Birth of French America. ed. McGill-Queens University Press, 2004. Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Module 4 FOCUS: African, Euro-American and Native American cultures in North America had intermingled for about two centuries by the 1700s and their experience with one another wrought significant changes to their ideas and practice of political power and economic endeavor. As you discuss your bio profile for this historical period, concentrate on their opinion/contribution to this concept of innovation and adaptation to a uniquely American colonial partnership and interaction (whether they realized it was different or just the way of things). Questions to consider in your post: How did the people of this period deal with issues of political authority and power? Who had it, who wanted it and who was arguing over it and why? What role did this person play in the colonial mercantilist policy and earning a living/survival? How were they affected by mercantile policy (or not) and what impact did this have for their own experience as well as the success or failure of their community (the latter will vary depending on which HIP group you are in) For this period, your person has to be confined to 1700-1799, preferably before the 1780s (thats the 18th century), and realistically a person who contributions/perspective would fit in terms of the questions posed. By this time, the person needs to be living in North America, by birth, naturalization or work status, but cannot be someone overseas commenting on the American situation. John Adams John Adams Jr. was born in 29th October 1735 to John Boylston and Susan Boylston in Braintree, Massachusetts. He was the eldest of Boylston Adams’ sons. His father is a descendant immigrant from Barton, St David in Somerset England. His mother descended from the Boylstons of Brookline. He was born to a humble family, but he felt the need to live according to the heritage of his family as the founders of Puritans who immigrated into America in 1630and thereafter established a colonial type of presence in America By the time of his birth, the Puritan dogma no longer swayed people, and most of their heritage melted away. John, however â€Å"considered them bearers of freedom, a cause that still had a holy urgency.† This was a value system he held so dear and was not about to leave. He went to Harvard College at the age of sixteen. His father had high expectations of him being a minister but he doubted himself. After graduation, he taught shortly in Worcester aft er which he decided to become a lawyer. He studied in a prominent lawyer, James Putnam’s office. He developed a guise for writing descriptions of events and impressions of people which are scattered in his memoirs. This assisted him as a lawyer. For example, the Otis’s argument, one of his reported cases, inspired him zealously for the American colonies. Adams married Abigail Smith in 1764. Abigael was the daughter of Minister, Reverend William Smith of Weymouth. One of their children was the future president John Quincy. His influence was derived from his work as a lawyer and was dedicated to republicanism that then embraced the mercantile policy. He found his contentiousness to constrain him politically. He authored the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† in 1776. He was one of the most influential founding fathers. He became the first Vice President and second President of the United States and was first to have lived in white house after its completion in 1800. He sponsored the American Revolution (Massachusetts). Adams represented the congress in Europe and became a good negotiator of the peace treaty with the former colony, Great Britain. His advocacy for money market in Amsterdam became a driving innovation tat necessitated the success of the revolution. He founded an accomplished lineage of diplomats, politicians and historians. He became prominent as a crusader against the Stamp Act in 1765. From this time on Americans gathered for deliberations on governance documents writing of the constitution. The Massachusetts new constitution of 1780 was largely his brainchild and structured largely his views on politics and society. Debate and experiential pressures abandoned the classical conception in politics that equated the government to a mirror of social entity. The new concept was the popular sovereignty that was synonymous to people power. Adams did not engage in slave trade and decided to employ slaves for their labor. He spoke against it and struggled to entrench in bills, their emancipation. In his presidency, he stressed the embracement of civic virtue and was free from scandals. His presidency was marked with intense debates o foreign policy. The republicans favored the British while the Democrats favored the France in the British-French war. During his tenure as president, the Neutralization Act, the Alien Act, The Alien Enemies Act and the Sedition Act were passed in response to his foreign policy that were meant to suppress the republican opposition John Adams remains the longest-lived person ever elected to both of the highest offices in the United States. He was raised as a Congregationalist. He later became a Unitarian. He also embraced deism and had beliefs in the fundamental goodness of creation but not in the divinity of Jesus Christ or in the belief that God intervened in individual lives. He advocated the separation between the church and the state. He strove for a kind of rel igion based on common intuition and reason. He was against, in his opinion, the claim of supremacy by the Catholic Church. Works cited Adams, John, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams,L.H. Butterfield, Editor.(Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961.) Brown, Ralph A. The Presidency of John Adams, 1988 Adams, C.F. The Works of John Adams, with Life (10 vols. Boston, 1850–1856) Oliver Ellsworth Oliver Ellsworth was born on 29th 1745 in Windsor to Captain David Ellsworth and Jemima Leavitt Ellsworth. He enrolled at Yale in 1762 but later transferred to Princeton during his second year. He studied theology and got his degree in two years time. Ellsworth, however, turned to law. He got admitted to the bar in 1771 and became very successful in law. By 1773, Ellsworth had married Abigail Wolcott. She was the daughter of Abigail and William Wolcott. They had a total of nine children. Oliver became a revolutionist against British rule. He helped draft the United States Constitution. He was later to be a Chief Justice of the United States. One of his notable contributions to federal legislation was the motion of 1787 made by which moved that the government be called a National Government. Ellsworth opposed this successfully to retain the name the â€Å"United States Government†, as it had been since the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In 1777, Oliver became Hart ford County’s Connecticuts state attorney. He was also chosen the as a representative at the Continental Congress. He was very active during the Revolution and served as committee member at the Pay table. He joined the Appelas committee, the forerunner for the Federal Supreme Court. During this service, one of the notable cases was that of Olmstead that brought conflict between state and federal authority. He worked in the constitutional Convention in Philadelphia along with William Samwel Johnson Roger Sherman having participated in the barring of judicial review and later in having implemented it in the Judiciary Act of 1789. During the proceedings, he proposed the use of â€Å"United States† to identify the nation in order to maintain sustain the weight on a joint federation as opposed to a single national entity. In the next three weeks, (30th May 1787) Edmund Randolph moved to form a national government encompassing supreme legislative arm , an executive arm an d a judiciary arm of government which Ellsworth accepted . Ellsworth was for the Three Fifths Compromise on the enumeration of slaves. He defended slavery to be within state authority which was permitted by the Constitution. He served in the senate of federal government where his service was from 1789 to 1796. During this time the federal government was granted much authority that was rejected because its misuse could be used to rebuff the Constitution during State Ratifying Conventions. On ending the conventions, Ellsworth was able to render the sovereignty of the federal government justifiable, but through judicial evaluation instead of congressional appraisal. When the Judiciary Act was adopted, he sponsored the Senates reception and acceptance of the Bill of Rights advocated for in the House of Representatives. This combination of Judiciary Act and the Bill of Rights rendered the Constitution â€Å"toothy, a situation that had not been contained in the Articles of Conf ederation. This guaranteed the sovereignty of the federal government whereas the Bill of Rights ensured the protection of both states and citizens from the misuse of this dominion by the federal government. These two acts thus counterbalanced each other. In his later life, Ellsworth became too generous to Napoleon. This provoked indignation from Americans. He got ill as a result of traveling across the Atlantic. His Federalist Party fell into disarray and was defeated by Republican Party. Ellsworth retired from public life in 1801. He was later to serve on the Connecticut Governors Council until his death Windsor. He died in 1807 and was buried in the cemetery of the First Church of Windsor. Works cited The Life of Oliver Ellsworth, William Garrott Brown, 1905repr. by Da Capo Press, 1970. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, ed. by Max Farrand, 4 vols. Yale University Press, 1911, 1966. James Madisons Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, James Brown Scott, Oxford University Press, 1918. James Madison, Jr James Madison, one of the founding fathers of the US and the fourth president and also considered the father of the US constitution, was born on 16th march 1751 and was the eldest of James Madison Senior and Eleanor Rose Conway’s twelve children. He spent most of his childhood at the tobacco plantations of his father at Orange County in Virginia. He attended the Church of England which was the state religion of Virginia, then. Madison married Dolley Payne Todd September 1794, seventeen years younger who was attractive and vivacious. She is largely credited for inventing the First Lady as a political adviser to the president. They however, did not have children. He was the shortest and lightest president having been 5 4 tall and about100 Lbs. he was the last of the founding fathers to die. In politics, his distinctive belief was that the new country needed checks and balances to regulate special interests or factions. He was a fighter against aristocracy and public corrupt ion that were the hallmark of republicanism. He worked with President George Washington during his congress stint to promote federalism in government. He opposed the Aliens and Seditions Acts. As president, he led the War in1812 against Great Britain to protect the US economic rights. This was marred by defeats but that ended on a high note with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. This was followed by the new spirit of nationalism which swept the country. During this time, he reversed many of his decisions and ended up supporting second National Bank, strong army and high tariffs to protect factories established during the war. He advocated a new constitution to overcome divisiveness in the country. His three-branch system of federal governance is the basis of the constitution today. Madison was shy but most outspoken members of the Congress. He looked forward to a strong federal system of governance with powers to overrule actions of the states deemed mistaken. This he found fulfilling in the role of the Supreme Court in championing this course. As the Federalist Party collapsed, the Era of Good Feeling emerged with lower levels of political fear. Political contention however continued. Madison left the presidency a poorer man than when he entered, due to the steady financial collapse of his plantation. Works Cited Brant, Irving. James Madison, 6 vols. Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1961. Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. Macmillan, 1971. Rakove, Jack N., ed. James Madison, Writings, Library of America, 1999 James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison (W.W. Norton, 1987 James M. Smith, ed. The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826. 3 vols.W.W. Norton,1995. Walter Forward Walter Forward was born in January 24th, 1786. He was a lawyer and a politician. He attended the common schools after moving with his father to Aurora. He studied law and was in the bar by 1806. He was elected into the congress in 1822 and later reelected in the 18th congress and to the 19th congress. In March 1841, he was appointed by President William Harrison to be the first comptroller of the Treasury. He served here till September 1841. The Independent Treasury System of 1840 repealed the position of 13th Secretary of the Treasury. Funds were deposited once more with commercial banks. Forward took office and was asked by Millard Fillmore, the chairman of the committee of House Ways and Means to work out a plan to amplify the tariff as a response to the decrease in revenue as a result of the Panic during 1837. This includes development of a plan for a Board of Exchequer to help in disbursement of disburses customs revenue. A protective tariff was passed. Due to constant f riction with the president, he was forced to leave the cabinet in February 1843. Walter embraced the economics and democracy of the Jacksonian democracy with philosophies as expanded suffrage where voting rights were more important and were expanded throughout the country; the manifest destiny, patronage or the spoils system, favored federal governance and most importantly, the laissez faire economics. This was a hands-off approach that was strongly advocated by William Leggett in New York City. The argument was that the government’s control in economic activities was likely to favor groups with special privileges which were unfavorable to the common man. Between 1819 and 1837 the nation experienced a great acceleration in economic growth. It was a great westward expansion, enhanced mechanization in production and both modern domestic and international markets. There was a shift to nonagricultural economy where there was reduction in agricultural activities. There was terr itorial specialization overall increased productivity. Eastern capital investment improved as a result of western industrial expansion. The economies grew up as a deliberate political act focusing on forming larger markets and continued growth of the economy of the early republic. Forward’s stewardship at the helm of treasury speeded up this Jacksonian economy. Works cited Schob, David E.; Hired Hands and Ploughboys: Farm Labor in the Midwest 1815-1860, University of Illinois Press, 1975. Sharp, James R.; The Jacksonians Versus the Bank, Columbia University Press, 1970. Taylor, George R.; The Transportation Revolution 1815-1860, Harper Torchbook, 1951. Stephen Arnold Douglas Born in Brandon, Stephen Douglas came to Illinois in 1833, as a teacher. He studied law before settling in Jacksonville. He is on record to have told his relatives, I have become a Western man, have embraced Western feelings principles and interests and have selected Illinois as the favorite place of my adoption. His nickname Little Giant was because he was short but good in politics. He was a capable party leader. He was skillful in debate and legislation. When President James Buchanan tried attempted to pass a Federal slave code against the wishes of the people of Kansas, he was instrumental in its defeat describing it as undemocratic. He was deeply religious and loved higher education. He founded the Chicago Baptist Seminary. Douglas defended the doctrine enhancing popular sovereignty to promote democracy and remove slavery from politics. He disagreed with Abraham Lincoln on this topic on legal, moral and economic arguments on slavery. He did not think of slaveholdin g as witty but as a barrier to free society. Douglas died at Chicago as a result of typhoid on 3rd June 1861 and was buried on the Shore of Michigan Lake. Works Cited Capers, Gerald M. Stephen A. Douglas: Defender of the Union.1959 Clinton, Anita Watkins. Stephen Arnold Douglas His Mississippi Experience Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(2): 56-88. Stevenson, James A. Lincoln vs. Douglas over the Republican Ideal American Studies 1994 35(1): 63-89 Zarefsky, David. Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: in the Crucible of Public Debate U. of Chicago Press, 1990. 309 pp Module 10 Henry Clay, Sr. Henry Clay born on 12th April 1777 was the seventh of nine children. His father Baptist minister, was Rev. John Clay (also called Sir John) died four years into his birth. He left Henry, his brothers, two slaves for each and his wife eighteen slaves and 464acres. Son, his mother married Captain Henry Watkins with whom he bore another nine children. Clay had his elementary education from Peter Deacon who was a British teacher. He was hired as a shop attendant in Richmond. He was raised by a boy’s club but later got secured an employment by his step father in the Court of Chancery’s office. Here, he displayed great understanding of law was a secretary to George Wythe where he was forwarded by the chancellor to the Virginia attorney generals office where he received formal education and was admitted to the bar n 1797. He established court oratory where he received payments of horses and land from his practice where he owned numerous ots and the Kentucky Hotel. Clay married Lucretia Hart and with her, had eleven children. In 1811, he was elected United States House of Representatives and chosen as house speaker breaking a record. He was elected five more times into the same post. He helped establish the American Colonization Society that championed the sending of freed slaves to Africa where Liberia and Monrovia were founded. A dispute erupted In 1820 over the expansion of slavery in Missouri.. Clay helped in settling this dispute. He gained approval from the Congress for the Missouri Compromise. This saw Missouri and Maine as slave state and Free State respectively. Clay was a leading American crusader for revolutions and independence movements in Latin America .Between 1821 and 1826 he asserted the recognition of all the new countries with the exception of Uruguay which was recognized later. Clay died in at the age of 75 in Washington D.C. He was buried at Lexington. His headstone reads, I know no North no South no East no West. Works Cited Eaton, Clement. (1957). Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 25. Adams, John Quincy; Adams, Charles Francis (1874). Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848. J.B. Lippincott Co., 501–505. Remini, Robert. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union, 1991 Zarefsky, David. Henry Clay and the Election of 1844: The Limits of Rhetoric of Compromise Rhetoric Public Affairs, 2003. 6(1): 79-96.

Bus Transport Project In Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5314 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Background Transportation is a system that considers the complex relationships between networks, the demand and space. Transit on the other hand is dominantly an urban transportation mode. Since transit is a shared public service, it potentially benefits from economies of agglomeration related to high densities and from economies of scale related to high mobility demands. Mass bus transit is highly suitable for any university campus, which experiences a high volume of traffic flow during a fixed time frame. Space on the other hand is limited due to its characteristic built environment. ( Reshmi Mukherjee, 2003) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bus Transport Project In Malaysia" essay for you Create order Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. (Wikipedia, 2011) Public transportation can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. In infrastructure it involve on the fixed installations necessary for transport, including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines or terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, bus stops and seaports. Vehicles traveling on the network include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, people and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including the financing, legalities and policies (Wikipedia, 2011). An intercity bus is a bus that carries passengers significant distances between different cities, towns, or other populated areas. Unlike a municipal bus, which has frequent stops throughout a city or town, an intercity bus generally has a single stop at a centralized location within the city, and travels long distances without stopping at all. Intercity buses exist all over the world that are operated by government or private industry, for profit and not for profit. (Wikipedia, 2011). Infrastructure particularly bus stop is one of the important fixed installation that need to take into account. The bus stop is also the most prominent icon of public transit. The locations, functionality, safety, and visual appearance of stops are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any location In most urban areas, public transportation service is provided by fixed-route bus systems. Bus stops are the point of transition where an enquiry starts to become a journey. It is important to consider passenger characteristics (eg access to the bus stop), route characteristics (eg frequency of buses), service identity or the roading environment when determining the location of individual bus stops. The bus stop is also the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction. A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems; less busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to mark the location and customary stops have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes. (Wikipedia, 2011). 1.2 Problem of Statement Bus is a major demand in Malaysia as public intercity transit. Besides the fees is in low rate it also serve a better public transportation if it has to do with plenty numbers of passengers. Since the bus stop is the most prominent icon of public transit, the location, functionality, safety, and visual appearance of stops are critical to attracting and maintaining transit riders in any location. Present bus stops in Malaysia certainly are inconveniently located. GIS is being used to locate suitable location for the bus stops. As the density of passenger and land use pattern in Shah Alam has changed drastically it is upmost that new bus locations need to be identified. 1.3 Aim The aim of this case study is to locate the best locations for bus stops within the city of Shah Alam using Geographic Information System (GIS). Comparison of the existing and the planned bus stops will be carry out. 1.4 Objectives To compare the criteria of locating bus stop between the existing policy and my observation and to suggest an appropriate location to locate bus stop base on criteria: Standard spacing between bus stop Density of population Non-Resident of UiTMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s students Nearby attractions and major people generators: Schools / educational premises Hospitals Residential Recreational park Shopping area 1.5 Limitations In this thesis, software used is ArcGIS version 9.3 Use the Network Analysis Extension tools options Focused only on the bus transportation provide by the RapidKL company The test network dataset is Section 7, Shah Alam road network 1.6 Assumption In this thesis, there are several assumption made. The bus stops served in transportation industry in Malaysia are certainly not consistently located. This study assumes that bus is the major transportation system used in Shah Alam and there is facilities transportation problem in bus transportation industries at Shah Alam area especially bus stops. The bus stop locations are not systematically located. 1.7 Study Area Shah Alam is the location for study area in this case study. It is because as we can see the major public transportation in Shah Alam is bus. This case study is more focus on students generators especially among UiTMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Non-resident students. From the demographic side, almost all the bus passengers are students. Most of student in UiTM Shah Alam use buses as their main transportation to go to classes. With the capacity of student, it makes the bus services route around the study area more frequently. In current situation, there are many bus stop location is inconveniently located. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter discusses and review current practices of transportation in Malaysia especially in infrastructure of transportation. The discussion start with an overview of transportation in Malaysia followed by category of transportation namely private and public. This discussion is focused on the specification of location of bus stop. Final section will elaborate about the ArcGIS buffering framework, network analysis and its capability and that maybe useful in this study. 2.2 Transportation in Malaysia Malaysia is served by an excellent transport system. Once you are in the country there is always transport available to you to even remote areas. Traveling by road in peninsula Malaysia is popular as it has well- developed network of roads.  There are various options available as to how you might wish to get to a destination.   In Sabah and Sarawak, it is recommended for traveling by four-wheel drive as on unpaved roads, and many remote areas can only be reached by air or river-boats. If you want to see clearly the countryside, traveling by rail is also highly recommended. 2.2.1 Transport Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one to another location. There are many types of modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. (Wikipedia, 2011) Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters and aircraft. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. 2.2.2 Road A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route. The most common road vehicle is the automobile which is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. (Wikipedia, 2011) 2.2.3 Buses Buses are an inexpensive way to travel in Malaysia. Most, if not all buses in Kuala Lumpur (KL) are air-conditioned but there are still non-air-conditioned buses in smaller towns around the country. Buses plying routes within towns and cities typically charge fares according to the distance covered while interstate buses have fixed rates.Most of areas in Malaysia are using buses as major transportation. Especially in area with major people generator such as in residential, educational, industrial and recreational area. The public bus service in Shah Alam is efficient and covers a wide range of routes, although steps are being taken to constantly improve the services. Strategic bus stops and stations offer passengers plenty of boarding options. Buses are in good condition and fully air-conditioned. Designated bus lanes also enable smooth scheduling of bus services for passengers ease. The bus routes also link to other transportation options like the Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, train station and taxi stands (Urban Transportation Department, 2008). Rapid KL as one of the bus company in Malaysia operates 134 routes in the Klang Valley including the suburban feeder service to complement the LRT systems. It has two central workshops and 13 bus depots spread across the Klang Valley and plans to gradually introduce more 15 minutes frequency throughout its system is also one of RAPID KLs goals. Today, 15 minutes frequency is operated only at 13 routes at high-density routes (RapidKL, 2008). 2.3 Transportation Facility 2.3.1 Bus Stop A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or leave a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating and possibly electronic passenger information systems but there are also busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to mark the location and customary stops have no specific infrastructure being known by their description. Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes. For operational purposes there are three main kinds of stops. First, scheduled stops, at which the bus should stop irrespective of demand. Second, request stops (or flag stop) where the vehicle will only stop on requested and hail and ride stops where a vehicle will stop anywhere along the designated section of road on request. Certain stops may be restricted to set-down only or pick-up only. Some stops may be designated as timing points and if the vehicle is ahead of schedule it will wait to ensure correct running to the timetable. In dense urban areas where bus volumes are high, skip-stops are sometimes used to increase efficiency and reduce delays at bus stops. Fare stages may also be defined by the location of certain stops in distance or zone based fare collection systems. (Wikipedia, 2011) Bus stops are placed in one of three locations: near-side (located immediately before an intersection); far-side (located immediately after an intersection); and mid-block (located between intersections). Each of these locations offers advantages to vehicle drivers and pedestrians. However, the final decision on bus stop locations dependent on ease of operation, transfer situations, space availability, and traffic volumes. Pace performs on-site evaluations of proposed bus stop to analyze operating conditions and identify appropriate bus stop locations. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999) Near-side bus stop sign placement is generally 10 feet from the corner tangent point and 5 feet from the outer curb. However, site characteristics will ultimately dictate exact sign location. Where site limitations exist, the sign should be setback a minimum of 2 feet. Near-side locations offer a number of features to pedestrians and vehicle drivers. This location allows pedestrians to cross in front of the bus. This location also allows transit users to load and alight from buses close to crosswalks and intersections, thereby minimizing, walking distances to connecting transit service. Far-side bus stop locations are recommended on routes in which buses make left turns at intersections. Once a bus negotiates a left turn, a far-side stop provides a more appropriate service point. Far-side stops also are recommended in locations where dedicated right turn lanes are present. Far-side stops may facilitate easier bus re-entry into traffic due to gaps created by intersection traffic signa ls. Another bus stop location is the mid-block stop. A mid-block location is generally less congested than an intersection. Bus turnouts are most effectively located in a mid-block bus stop zone. Mid block stops are applicable at T-intersections or locations generating a larger passenger volume. (Pace Development Guidelines, 1999) Bus stop is the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, design, and operation of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction. (Texas Transportation Institute, 1996) Bus stops should be at safe locations, no more than 50 meters after a traffic light or road intersection. They should not be located on sloped surfaces which considered unsafe. (Higher Committee of Planning Cities 2000) Good pedestrian facilities often make the trip to stops more enjoyable, thus making it easier for people to choose both modes of transportation to go to work, shopping, or other activities. All transit facilities and the transportation routes that lead to them have needed to be safe, convenient, and accessible. If people do not feel safe or comfortable walking to stops, then they are likely to choose other modes of travel, such as a car. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO). Socioeconomic data is vital for determining locations for transit routes and facilities. Often, socioeconomic spatial data resides in a zonal layer that may cover a very large area. While socioeconomic data aggregated to these large zones are useful for regional analyses, they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t support a analysis of accessibility to bus stops. (A Gis Approach To Evaluate Bus Stop Accessibility, Giuseppe SALVO). Since the bus stops would have been installed before many years, the then density of the passengers and land use pattern would have undergone a drastic change and the bus stops would not commensurate with these changes. Hence there is an increasing need for the bus stops to be rationalized. (Mr. G. Saravanan Mr. S. Suresh Immanuel, 2003) 2.4 GIS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of georeferenced data to solve complex problems regarding planning and management of resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (NCGIA, 1990). A geographic information system (GIS) is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially reference data, as well as a set of operations for working with data. In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order map. (Jeffrey Star and John Estes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1990) GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS technology allows us to view, query, and understand data in many ways. We will see the relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of GIS-based maps, reports, and charts. GIS helps us answer questions and solve problems. When viewed in the context of geography, our data is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. (ESRI, 2011). In broad terms, a Geographic Information System could be defined as a set of principles and techniques employed to achieve one (or both) of the following objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Finding suitable locations that have the relevant attributes. For example, finding a suitable location where an airport, a commercial forest or a retail outlet can be established. This is usually achieved through the use of Boolean (logical) operations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Querying the geographical attributes of a specified location. For example, examining the roads in a particular locality, to check road density or find the shortest path, and so on. This is often achieved by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"clickingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ onto the location or object of interest, and examining the contents of the database for that location or object. 2.4.1 GIS in Transportation GIS has been recognized for many years now as an invaluable tool for managing, planning, evaluating, and maintaining transportation systems. As the gateway to economic development and, subsequently, a healthy economy, transportation infrastructure represents one of the largest and most critical investments made in any nation, at whatever stage of development. Similarly, for many firms in the transportation industry, profitability and a strong competitive position depend on a safe and reliable system. Roads are the main arteries of a modern societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s infrastructure, contributing heavily to the distribution of goods and persons. GIS provides many helpful applications for ensuring a smooth transportation flow. Customer satisfaction, competitive position, timely response, effective deployment, and profitability are all positively affected (GISDATA Group, 2009). Being able to visualize your assets and the surrounding environment when you build, upgrade, or repair transportation infrastructure helps you prioritize your work and make the right decisions. A geographic information system (GIS) software platform will allow you to do all this and much more. With Esrià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GIS technology, you can build dynamic and rich mapping applications that will keep everyone from the project team and government officials to field staff and the public in the know. (ESRI, 2011). GIS contain data related to location points, lines (commonly roadway links and corridors), and polygons. Analysis tools that are part of GIS software packages can be used to relate these data. The use of GIS to manage data can simplify the analysis of transport systems and can enhance the decision-making process (Worldbank ). 2.4.2 The Importance of Geospatial Data The nature of any natural or economic activity with a spatial dimension cannot be properly understood without reference to its spatial qualities. Spatial data have two essential parts: location and attributes. A GIS requires location references. Typical location references are latitude and longitude and national grid references such as the National Grid. However, other geospatial codes can also be used to identify location, such as postcodes. Attributes. Any locality would have a number of characteristics or properties associated with it. These attributes are usually kept in tables, containing such information as vegetation types, population, annual income, and so on. GIS systems store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In vector data models, the data are represented as: arcs (lines) polygons (traversed areas) points (labelled nodes) nodes (intersection points) 2.4.3 Existing GIS Based System A Spatial Locationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Allocation GIS Framework for Managing Water Sources in a Savanna Nature Reserve. (Source: www.nceas.ucsb.edu) Associated with the establishment or removal of water sources in savanna ecosystems is the issue of the effects of such management actions on animal movement and habitat selection, longer term implications on population levels, and impacts of such change on habitat degradation and soil erosion. Extant metrics used to describe the spatial distribution of water sources on the landscape often fall short of providing source-specific information, making them hard to apply in small-scale management settings. Using the Klaserie Private Nature Reserve (KPNR) as a case study, comparison between of a: buffer framework which is to describing distances to water, a nearest neighbor framework, spatial locationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"allocation framework (SLAF) created in a geographic information system (GIS) These three frameworks can be combined into one GIS to demonstrate site-specific information on water source distribution, in addition to system-wide descriptions. The visually accessible quality of a GIS allows qualitative input from managers and property owners to achieve quantifiable management goals. The duality of database and visual representation provides a useful tool to assess the role of individual water sources and can easily be updated to reflect changes in their distribution. In this study, seasonal effects on the water source distribution are modeled first. Then two hypothetical management scenarios are modeled based on realistic management options for this reserve. For the first management scenario we map the resulting distribution when all artificially supplemented water sources are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"turned onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the dry season. Fig 1: Location of KNPR (Klaserie Private Nature Reserve) Water sources in this study include seasonal pans, artificial pans and catchment dams as point sources and two major river courses, the Klaserie and the Olifants, which have perennial segments in KPNR. Buffer framework For the buffer framework, the locations of all the water sources tabulated during the wet season were buffered in concentric 1 km rings and clipped to the reserve boundary to assess the area of the reserve at different distances to water (Fig. 2a); this process was repeated for the dry season water sources (Fig. 2b) and then for the two hypothetical management scenarios and the results tabulated for comparison. Fig 2(a): Buffer model showing distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR wet season Fig. 2(b): Buffer model showing distribution of distance to water classes during the KPNR dry season. Nearest neighbour framework The locations of the wet and dry season water points were used to calculate the nearest distance to river sections and then to nearest water source. The nearest neighbour distance between two point water sources was calculated as a vector, by minimizing the results of a triangular matrix calculator for Euclidian distance in Microsoft Excel ©. The lesser of the distance to nearest river or nearest neighbour was taken as the nearest neighbour distance to water. Spatial locationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"allocation framework (SLAF) The simplest spatial representation of an unconstrained locationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"allocation model of supply points to demand regions uses the Dirichlet tessellation to generate Voronoi or Thiessen polygons (Okabe et al. 1992). A tessellation is essentially a mosaic, a tiling created in a geometric plane. This tessellation is created by the intersections of perpendicular bisectors between each point in a set. The three frameworks used to assess the change in distribution of water points in the reserve yielded generalizations, which are useful as descriptors of system change, but can be hard to translate directly into management action on specific water sources. The advantage of the SLAF over the two other frameworks is that the area of the polygon associated with each water source is visually Optimization of Bus stop locations using GIS as a tool for Chennai city- Acase study, R.Sankar, 2003 In a developing country like India every advancement depends upon the funds available. This influencing factor is considered as there is huge need of finance for the development of infrastructure such as laying of good, strong roads. The road grade is essential for having bus routes in a particular area. It is not possible to have bus stops in the interior where the grade is poorer. The density of population and the infrastructure go hand in hand, this is the reason for having many bus stops in close proximity in the main roads. While considering the financial status of the government it is also necessary to consider the status of the public. In a higher middle income, higher income groups the dependency on the public transit system is less making it less imperative to have more bus stops. Conversely the lower income group and the economically weaker section entirely depend upon the corporation buses for their transit. Finally the locations are graded based on the risk factors. The s ites selected should not be near the junctions. Dangerous turnings are avoided. Methodology Data collection is taking on the ground using GPS and the map of road network which include the position of each bus stop in term of coordinates. There are about 41 bus stops between Vadapalani and Besent nagar, which is the study area. There are about 21 roads in the selected route. The network map is digitized. Digitization is done manually using On-screen method. The errors in the original maps will be transferred and they are likely magnified when digitized using GIS. Here arcs and nodes are defined by the user. The projection used here is polyconic which is considered the best suited for India. Arc View and Arc Info are the softwares used for digitization, transformation/projection and analysis. Analysis Buffer analysis is made to determine the effected area. The minimum and maximum distances are given. Selected route in the network map which are given as buffer distances. If there is overlap in the buffers then a common point can be considered for the location of the stop such that there is no overlap. This point is selected considering other criteria also. Confluence of all parameters is essential before arriving into any decision. The similar way if the distance between two buffers are more this indicate that the area in the in between region is not properly served by any of the bus stops. In this case new bus stops can be created. Thus it is necessary to calculate based on all the parameters that none of the areas are under served or over served. The route analysis was made the impedance value and the speed is given based on the vehicular volume on each road. The bus stops can be minimized in roads where there the existing traffic is high, additional positioning of these stops would add up to the traffic congestion. The locations of important centers such as hospitals, schools etc are also estimated for their proximity to the stops using the route analysis module. The time gained due to the reduction of the stops vice versa is also projected by having each location as a node and by giving a positive or negative value for the calculation of impedance. The demographic characteristics are also computed. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter will explain the methodology adopted in this study. The explanation starts with the introduction of adopted method for literature review, the method for data acquisition and the type of data acquired, data preparation and processing and followed by performing data analysis and results documentation and recording methods. Project Planning Data Preparation and Processing Data Acquisition and type of Data acquired Analysis and Results Fig. 3.1: Methodology Flow Sequence 3.2 Research Methodology Project Planning Selection of hardware and software (ArcGIS) Selection of study area (Shah Alam) Selection of data Data Acquisition and Type of Data Acquired Spatial data 1) Land use map 2) Route map 3) Layer Trace existing bus stop location using handheld GPS (X,Y). Attribute name 1) Road name 2) Building 3) Population UiTMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s NR student source from HEP UiTM. (X,Y) Data Preparation and Processing Creating different Themes Digitizing Scanning Digitizing Creating Attribute Tables Analysis and Result - - Compare existing bus stop location with the recommendation as requested safety reasons. Proposed new bus stops based on the location of resident for Non-Resident students. Compare the distance between two consecutive bus stops with the standard distance of travel by man by walk which is 400m. (source from MBSA) Fig 3.2: Flow Chart of Methodology Phase 1: Preliminary Study Project Planning 1. Selection of Study Area The city of Shah Alam has to be selected as study case area which covers section 2 until section 24. This study emphasized in the area with educational institutions especially UiTM since this study is focused on non-residents students. 2. Selection of Hardware and Software Hardware for scanning, digitizing, and processing has been determined. Software that will be used is ArcMap. This software helps in digitizing also analysis. 3. Selection of Data To select data, it needs to relate with problem statement. Data has been gathered from many of sources that will be explain in Data Collection. Phase 2 : Data Acquisition and Type of Data Acquired 1. Spatial Data Spatial data is data pertaining to the location and spatial dimensions of geographical entities which is in term of X and Y. Spatial data in this study has been gathered. It is route map and also land use map of city of Shah Alam. Another spatial data is layer trace of exiting bus stop location which acquired using handheld GPS. Route map and land use is gathered from MBSA Shah Alam. 2. Attribute Name In using ArcMap it is important to got the attribute and fill in the attribute table with data that relates with this study. In this study road name, building name and also population of UiTMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Non-Resident is needed as attribute. Road names and building names were gatherd from MBSA Shah Alam while population of UiTMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Non-Resident was gatherd from Non-Residens Unit, UiTM Shah Alam. Phase 3: Data Preparation and Processing Scanning The map for the area chosen for the study, here, the Shah Alam, Selangor map is obtained from the concerned authority which is MBSA. The map is then scanned and the scanned map is copied into the computer for digitizing purpose as base map. Digitizing Digitization is done manually using on-screen method. The errors in the original maps will be transferred and magnified when digitized using GIS. The scanned map is digitized with the help of the ArcMap software. The complete map of the Shah Alam, Selangor route is digitized carefully along with important intersections and some of the land mark features in the map. Creating different Themes After digitizing the study area, different themes like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bus stopsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (point theme), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"institutionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"commercialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mixed residentialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ land uses (all polygon theme) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bufferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (polygon theme) are created and the corresponding land uses were digitized from the land use data obtained from the MBSA and by ground inspection. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bus stopsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theme is created to indicate the location of the bus stops in the study area. The UiTM Non-Resident density is in point theme. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"land useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ themes are created to represent the type of land uses in and around the bus stops. The buffer theme is created with multiple buffers around the bus stops; in this case three buffers have been created with a radius of 200m, 400m and 600m taking the bus stop as the center. Creating different Attributes Attribute tables for each theme is created. Besides the inbuilt fields in the attribute table, for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bus stopsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theme the other fields in the attribute table include the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Location of the bus stops à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interval between two bus stops Similarly for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“land useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? themes will be added all types of land used and the weight of the particular land use. The thing goes the same for the theme study route (road) field like name of road and the length. For the theme study of UiTM Non-Resident student, the location of each student on which the their exact place to live. For the theme buffer the field with weight of that particular buffer is created. Overlaying The location of all the bus stops and the buffer around each bus stop from the students residential will be viewed along with study route abutted with different land uses. The themes will be created are overlaid one above to other in order to acquire a complete illustration of study area. Analysis and Result i. Compare existing bus stop location with the recommendation as requested safety reasons. ii. Proposed new bus stops based on the location of resident for Non-Resident students. iii. Compare the distance between two consecutive bus stops with the standard distance of travel by man by walk which is 400m. (Source from MBSA)

The Walt Disney Company Strategic Planning Analysis

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