Effect of imperialism on the Rwandan genocide Essay

There is a lot of history in a small country like Rwanda. The original inhabitants were the ethnic Twa. By the 10th century, Hutu farmers were established there. Tutsi warriors with cattle arrived after the 14th century. Tutsi formed a monarchy by the 16th century. All tribes shared a common language and culture, and there were no race issues until the 20th century. (4) Germany was the first European country to colonize Rwanda in 1899, administering it indirectly through the existing king. Belgium took control in 1916, during World War I. Belgium received it as a League of Nations mandate in 1919 and continued indirect rule but restructured the system to increase ethnic divisions. (4) The Belgians favored the Tutsi over the Hutu and Twa, which was a big mistake that caused huge problems in the future and lots of racism. (5) In 1946 Rwanda became a UN trust territory administered by Belgium. (5) Pressure rose during the 1950s as Hutu protested against Tutsi for rights and voting. Violence spread quickly after the Hutu sub-chief was attacked by the Tutsi. Many Tutsis died or fled to neighboring countries. Belgian troops intervened and set up a policy reversal, with a Hutu-led government. (4) With democratization going through Africa, monarchy was abolished in 1961 and Rwanda gained complete independence in 1962, as two countries, Rwanda and Burundi. (5) Tutsi exiles continued attacks on Hutu throughout the 60s. The First Republic, led by Hutu, ended with a 1973 rebellion coordinated by the Hutu Minister of Defense, Juvenal Habyarimana. Tutsi revels in Uganda formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, or the RPF, and invaded Rwanda in 1990. The conflict ended in 1993 with a power-sharing agreement treaty. But the peace was broken again when Habyarimana’s plane was shot down in April 1994. (5) Know one knew whether it was Hutus that shot down the plane, but they were accused nonetheless. â€Å"Hutu politicians opposed to the late president Juvenal Habyarimana were targeted in the first few days after the plane crash, which has yet to be satisfactorily explained. But now the killings seem to be directed purely against Tutsis,† according to Hilsum. (1) This was the end  of the Second Republic and the beginning of a 100-day well-organized genocidal rampage. Hundreds of thousands fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire (now the Congo). The RPF fought back and took control on July 4, 1994. Thousands fled from the RPF advance and many died from disease and unsanitary conditions. In 1996 Hutu refugees became targets of Tutsi violence, and Hutu soldiers attacked the Tutsi. Rwanda sent militia to defeat the Zairian troops helping the Hutus. Most refugees were sent back to Rwanda, but some remained to launch guerilla attacks in northwestern Rwanda. (4) Courts were set up for 124,000 people for crimes during the genocide. The first Hutu president was elected in 2000 when the old president resigned. Trials are still going on today, charging people with war crimes during the genocide. Because of the great scars of Rwanda’s history in the last century, Rwanda today has a very weak economy and is very undeveloped industrially. The products are mostly agricultural, and most of the population are subsistence farmers. The main crops consist of coffee and tea. Also grown are bananas, beans, cassava, cattle, pyrethrum, sorghum, and sweet potatoes. The only mining resources are tin and wolframite. A lack of fertile soil limits agricultural expansion. (4) Rwanda only trades with Uganda because of bad relations with other countries. This makes trade very expensive there because of this. (5) Christianity was introduced in Rwanda by missionaries in the early 20th century. Today 65% are Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1% Muslim, and 25% follow indigenous beliefs. Ethnic tribes are still mostly Hutu and Tutsi, which are now peaceful. 90% are Hutu, most of the rest are Tutsi, and only 1% are Twa. The official languages spoken in Rwanda are English, French, and Kinyarwanda, a Bantu language. (4,5) Independence Day is celebrated on July 1. The government consists of the President and Transitional National Assembly of 70 seats. Local elections establish councils responsible for local disputes, minor crime, tax collection, and salaries for teachers and doctors. The country is very crowded and there is lots of disease. (5) Most of the problems in Rwanda in the last century were caused by imperialism. The genocide in Rwanda affected its neighboring countries as well, and thousands of Hutus and Tutsis were also killed in Burundi by similar problems there. The incredible amount of racism and hate in the very heart of Africa was sparked by the colonial structure enforced by Germany and then Belgium. According to Dowden, the Tutsi, making up only about 10% of the population, â€Å"were a kind of feudal cattle-owning aristocracy who lorded it over the Hutu peasants.† Belgians gave the Tutsis a big advantage in education, leading them to have professional jobs. (2) Before the Europeans came there was peace in Africa. But after greedy 19th century European politicians occupied the African continent, enslaving or abusing its people, ethnic conflicts broke out all over Africa, followed by a century of bloodshed. The conflicts and the current problems in Africa could have been prevented if imperialism wouldn’t have existed. There would not have been a genocide during which hundreds of thousands of innocent people were slaughtered over a period of 100 days. According to LaFraniere, â€Å"The Rwanda genocide is considered the worst ethnic killing since the Holocaust. In 100 days, an estimated one in 10 Tutsi in Rwanda were wiped out, along with many moderates among the Hutu, who make up the majority of the population. The efficiency of the killers, who chased down the Tutsi at roadblocks and in the streets with sharpened sticks, nail-studded clubs and grenades, surpassed that of the Nazis, some historians contend.† (3) The financial crisis in Rwanda and the suffering of its people today could have been prevented if it wasn’t for so much hate and carelessness of imperialistic European nations in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Bibliography 1. Hilsum, Lindsey. â€Å"Men mad with killing drown nation in blood†. The Independent. 1 May 1994. 2. Dowden, Richard. â€Å"A wound at the heart of Africa†. The Independent. 11 May 1994. 3. LaFraniere, Sharon. â€Å"3 convicted of genocide in Rwanda Media chiefs guilty of inciting massacre of Tutsi in 1994†. International Herald Tribune. 4 Dec. 2003. 4. World Book Encyclopedia 2003. Vol. 16. 5. Culture Grams 2004.

Examine The Way Shakespeare Presents The Power And Control Capulet Exerts Within The Play

Shakespeare clearly demonstrates that Lord Capulet is a very protective father. This is because in Act 1 scene 2 Capulet says â€Å" hopeful lady of my earth† In this quote Shakespeare shows that Capulet is a loving and protective father because children died easily and the words ‘hopeful lady’ means that Juliet was his only hope , Juliet was very precious for him because she was his only child. Also in that quote Shakespeare used flattering language.Lord Capulet was a responsible and protective father which the audience in those times found as a typical father, however throughout the play Capulet gives Juliet freedom to choose who she wants to marry which wasn’t considered as normal in those days. â€Å"My child is yet a stranger in the world† This could suggest that he does not feel ready about Juliet being married. The word ‘stranger’ shows that she’s naive and inexperienced. And that she hasn’t been long enough in the à ¢â‚¬Ëœworld’. Shakespeare shows that Lord Capulet has the ultimate power and control in his household.His power and control is shown trough his relationship between his wife, daughter and others members of his family. In act 1 scene 5 Capulet is presented as a kind and friendly man by starting his sentence â€Å" Welcome , gentlemans† But as he goes along Shakespeare shows that he can be manipulative not only over his family. â€Å"Ladies that have their toes unplagu’d with corns will walk a bout you. † This quote maybe is suggesting that he’s manipulating woman. Also throughout the scene he says â€Å"Am I the master here, or you? Go to.†The language used here is dominant. Shakespeare uses rhetorical question to show that Lord Capulet has control to tell people what to do and authority over his family, also he’s foreshadowing the disasters that are soon to come. He uses imperative words. Paris asked Capulet to marry Juliet, not Julie t herself which was found normal for the audience, however it gives a small bit of evidence to support that he, being Juliet’s father had power over Juliet’s own decisions. Juliet changes more than any other character throughout the play.In act 1 scene 3 Juliet says â€Å"But no more deep will I endart mine eyes Than your consent gives strength to make it fly† Juliet is being obedient by saying that she’ll do what her parents tell her to do. The word ‘consent’ suggests that she need her parent’s permission to do what she wants. But when she meets Romeo, she become more confident regarding the path of her life. Act 3 scene 5, Capulet tells her that she is to marry Paris, but instead of doing what he said she goes against her father’s will, â€Å"I will not marry yet.And when I do, I swear it shall be Romeo† This shows Juliet transformation throughout the play, she changes from an innocent obedient girl into a brave confide nt girl, this is because she confesses her love for Romeo to her parents. Lord Capulet expected Juliet to be happy with the match with Paris because Juliet obeys him, and in those days fathers picked their daughter’s husband and they couldn’t disagree with it; they should be happy and thankful. Also Paris was rich, he was related to the Prince and good looking.â€Å"Not proud you have, but thankful that you have† In this quote Shakespeare uses flattering language. As the play goes on Juliet makes a number of important decisions, she falls in love with the enemy of her family, gets married, would be an embarrassment to her family, and finally kills herself, this wasn’t expected from a girl in those times, the audience might have been shocked with her acts in the play because the society expected daughter to obey their parents. Destiny is the most powerful theme of the play. This is because destiny controls the end result in Romeo and Juliet’s ill-fa ted union.This is evidence from the line â€Å"A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life† Shakespeare mentioned that Romeo and Juliet were ‘star-cross’d they’re destiny to die. He foreshadows Juliet and Romeo’s death. The prologue points out that Romeo and Juliet have fate against them. Is says that their love is â€Å"death-marked† and they have no control over what happens. Juliet tells Romeo of her vision of him dead at the bottom of a tomb. This is foreshadowing to the already destined event these two lovers will soon face. Before Romeo enters the house of the Capulets, he speaks about an unknown danger â€Å"hanging in the stars†.The word ‘star’ might suggest that events expected to occur being written in the ‘stars’, and explains how life is predetermined by fate. He says that he defies fate, by saying that he defies what is written in the stars. In act 5 scene 3 Romeo says â€Å"Shall I beli eve That unsubstantial Death is amorous,† Shakespeare used Oxymoron by saying ‘Death is amorous’ to create an dramatic effect. Romeo refuses to accept that Juliet is dead. What Romeo does not realize is that he has no control over is destiny. No matter how angry or motivated he is to change what is written in the stars, he cannot. It is already predetermined.Overall I feel that power and control of Capulet was critical in the development of the play because he certified to carry the feud between the Capulets and Montagues. However I think fate was the most important theme because it controls the end result in Romeo and Juliet’s ill-fated union, and no one can change destiny. From the beginning of the play Shakespeare uses foreshadowing to emphasise how important fate is. If it wasn’t for destiny Romeo and Juliet wouldn’t have met, married and therefore wouldn’t have settled the dispute between the Capulets and Montagues. Examine the way Browning reveals power and control In My last DuchessMy last Duchess is about the imbalance of power and control between man and women. On the surface the poem is about a dominant possessive duke who killed her wife because she was too easily admired by others and blushed The Duke holds a sort of ownership over his wife. â€Å"My last Duchess† The title itself revels that the speaker, the Duke, is very possessive. The word ‘my’ suggests that the Duke is very dominant and controlling. Browning used the voice of a possessive narrator, this might be because to show how completely he ruled over her. The quote â€Å"The curtain drawn for you, but I â€Å"shows that he’s possessive and powerful.The pronoun ‘I’ suggests self-importance. Nobody is allowed to touch the curtain but him. Furthermore, the Duke is presented as a controlling person; the evidence for this is â€Å"since none puts by’ The Duchess could be covered up giving him comp lete control thru the opening and closing of the curtain. Now he controls who sees the picture, but he cannot control time and mortality. The narrator is presented as a commanding, powerful and jealous. At the beginner of the poem the narrator, the duke, is giving the ambassador of his second wife a tour of his artworks in his house. We can see this in the quote â€Å"Will’t please you sit and look at her?†Really a command rather than a question. Throughout the poem the narrator uses the pronoun ‘My’ to show how dominant and possessive the Duke is. â€Å"My gift† This quote he used an arrogant tone, and the word ‘my’ again shows ownership. Moreover on the poem we can he is cold and powerful, the evidence for this is â€Å"I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together. † This quote might be telling us that the Duke is vague, and that he ‘gave commands’ or orders to kill the Duchess. And foreshadows the Duchess dea th. He’s jealous that he can’t even bring himself to talk to her about her behaviour – murder is the only solution he can come up with.His jealousy isn’t just about romantic attention; it’s about any kind of attention. We know he is self-obsessed because of his repeated use of ‘I’. The narrator presents the Duchess as a happy, cheerful and flirtatious. which has displeased him. As the ambassador looks at the portrait of his late duchess he says â€Å"Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek† The Duchess blushed easily. We could see this furthermore on the verses 23-24: â€Å"she liked whate’er She looked on†. He’s jealous of the attention his wife shows to other, he’s jealous of every smile and every blush that she gives.He claims she flirted with everyone and did not appreciate his â€Å"gift of nine-hundred-years- old name. † He describes her cheek as having a â€Å"spot/ Of joy† in it, p erhaps a slight blush of pleasure ‘joy’. On the verse 14 he says â€Å"her husband’s presence only,† This suggests that it wasn’t just â€Å"her husband’s presence† that made her smiled and blush in this way, although the Duke seems to believe that it should have been the only thing that would. From the beginner of the poem we might conclude that his wife was no longer alive. The evidence for this is â€Å"as if she were alive.†We immediately begin to suspect that the duchess is no longer alive, but left enough uncertainly to capture our attention as readers. â€Å"That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall† In these lines, we are given our first hint that the duchess wasn’t that important to the duke, suggesting that his late wife was nothing more than her external appearance. The word â€Å"last† is the evidence that she was dead. As his monologue continues, the reader realizes that the Duke in fact caused the Duchess’s early end, when her behaviour escalated, he â€Å"gave commands;† In the verses 46-47 he says â€Å"There she stands As if alive.†This is another evidence that the Duchess is no longer alive, Browning uses juxtaposition to create an effect on the reader. We might conclude that he had his wife killed because the final image of the expensive bronze statue , a metaphor â€Å"Taming a sea-horse , thought a rarity,† The Duchess is being tamed by someone powerful , the Duke , which killed her because of jealousy, and to show that he had power and control to do anything that pleased him. We never got to hear her point of view. Did she really disrespect his â€Å"nine-hundred-years-old name† as he claimed she did?What is your response to the pieces of literature you have read? Make links between the ways the writers have considered and presented the theme. You will be hearing from us shortly , The conscript , Hawk roosting and My last duchess are all poems about power and control which we can link with the play Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is a play about love, conflict, power and control. At the start of the play there’s a fight between the Montagues and the Capulets, which later in the play results Romeo and Juliet’s early death.Whereas ‘My last Duchess’ is about jealousy, selfishness, power and control, which also ends with death. In ‘Romeo and Juliet’ power is presented in fate, love and parental control. As ‘My last Duchess’ power is presented between man and women. Both of the poem and play uses commanding language and an imperative. In ‘Romeo and Juliet’ power and control can have an effect in individuals, similar to the Duchess. Both of the play and poem we can see that power and control corrupts the end result of the main characters.This has an impact on the reader because we can realise that power and control has a devastating cons equence. Lord Capulet and the Duke have a lot of similarities. Both of them has power and control, but it is viewed in a different perspective. Capulet wanted the best for his daughter that’s why he used his power and accidentally caused her death. As in ‘My last Duchess’ the duke wanted to kill his wife because of jealousy and to show that he’s won’t let anyone disrespect him or unpleased him , and that the only way to show his power was to kill her.Shakespeare also presents the theme of power and control between Lord Capulet and members of his family. Act 1 scene 5 Shakespeare presents Capulet’s power within his relationship between Tybalt, he says â€Å"Am I the master here, or you? † Shakespeare might have used rhetorical question to show his power and commanding word. He uses the pronoun ‘I’ to show that he’s the one who controls what happens. Browning also uses the pronoun ‘I’ frequently, this mig ht be because to show how self-obsessed, selfish, powerful and narcissistic he is. â€Å"Will’t please you sit and look at her?†This is really a commanding rather than a question which we can link with Lord Capulet being powerful and using rhetorical question. Romeo and Juliet and ‘Hawk roosting’ both seem to be about power and control. ‘Hawk roosting’ is about a dominant hawk that feels superior. The poem shows the world as seen from a hawk’s point of view. The hawk seems very determined and powerful, the evidence for this is â€Å"I sit in the top of the wood† This can be taken two ways , literally he is positioned at the top of the wood, but also metaphorically he is at the top of the tree- at the top of the food chain.Shakespeare also presents the theme of power and control , but the difference is that he presents power and determination within Capulet. â€Å"Am I the master here, or you? † The language used here is do minant, also Shakespeare uses a rhetorical question to shows that Lord Capulet has power and authority to tell people what to do, similar to hawk roosting â€Å"I am going to keep things like this† here Browning shows that the Hawk is powerful and determinate, and that no one can challenge him and he has power to do anything without needing permission from anyone.Both of the poem and play use the pronoun ‘I’ repeatedly which suggests self-importance and power. The techniques used in these quotes are dominant language, rhetorical questions and an imperative. The impact on the reader is that both the play and the poem show how people use their power to control. Friar Lawrence and the doctors in the poem ‘The conscript’ have some similarities. Shakespeare presents the power of religion within Friar Lawrence. Whereas in ‘the conscript’ power is shown by the doctors secularly.At the very beginning of the poem, the reader can realise that is a bout unsympathetic doctors. â€Å"Indifferent, flippant, earnest, but all bored† Here the poet is describing the doctors, from the word ‘bored’ we can deduce that the doctors are not doing their job properly. Friar Lawrence uses his religious power to make serious decisions such as suggesting the idea that Juliet could fake her death to be unrestricted and be with Romeo afterwards. ‘The Conscript’ uses the image of Jesus â€Å"With arms outstretched and drooping thorn-crowned head†

Acceptance Or Rejection Of The Null Hypothesis Economics Essay

Acceptance Or Rejection Of The Null Hypothesis Economics Essay The appropriate value of t is 2.100. Since we are concerned whether b (the slope of original regression line) is significantly different fro B (the hypothesized slope of population regression), this is a two tailed test, and the critical values are  ±2.100. The standardized regression coefficient is 0.063, which is inside the acceptance region for our hypothesis test. Therefore, we accept null hypothesis that B is equal to 0.01. Step 6: Interpretation of the Result There is not enough difference between b and 0.01 for us to conclude that that B has changed from its historical value. Because of this, we feel that a one hundred percent increase in inflation would increase the poverty headcount by around 0.01%, as it has in the past. 2. Inflation and Ginni Coefficient The slope for the regression line that shows a relationship between inflation and gini coefficient is 0.5956. This means that a 100% increase in inflation would result in 0.5956% increase in gini coefficient. Now we wou ld perform the same hypothesis testing procedure to determine the authenticity of slope and whether the slope justifies the relationship between inflation and gini coefficient. Step 1: State the Null and the Alternative Hypothesis Let B denotes the hypothesized slope of actual regression line, the value of the actual slope of regression line is b = 0.5956. The first step is to find some value for B to compare with b= 0.5956. Suppose that over an extended past period of time, the slope of the relationship between inflation and gini coefficient was 0.5. To test whether this is still the case, we could define the hypothesis as: H0: B= 0.50 (Null hypothesis) H1: B à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0.50 (Alternative hypothesis) Step 2: Decide on Significance Level and Degree of Freedom Significance level ÃŽÂ ± = 0.05 and Degree of freedom (df) = n-2 = 19 – 2 = 17 Step 3: Find out Standard Error of b Where Sb = standard error of the regression coefficient Se = standard error of estimate Xi = valu es of the independent variable X-Bar = mean of the values of the independent variable n = number of the data points Year X Y X – X-Bar (X-X-Bar)2 Y2 XY 1963-64 4.19 38.6 -2.607368 6.79837008 1489.96 161.734 1966-67 8.58 35.5 1.7826316 3.17777535 1260.25 304.59 1968-69 1.58 33.6 -5.217368 27.2209332 1128.96 53.088 1969-70 4.12 33.6 -2.677368 7.16830166 1128.96 138.432 1970-71 5.71 33 -1.087368 1.18237008 1089 188.43 1971-72 4.69 34.5 -2.107368 4.44100166 1190.25 161.805 1979-80 8.33 37.3 1.5326316 2.34895956 1391.29 310.709 1984-85 5.67 36.9 -1.127368 1.27095956 1361.61 209.223 1985-86 4.35 35.5 -2.447368 5.98961219 1260.25 154.425 1986-87 3.6 34.6 -3.197368 10.2231648 1197.16 124.56 1987-88 6.29 34.8 -0.507368 0.25742271 1211.04 218.892 1990-91 12.66 40.7 5.8626316 34.370449 1656.49 515.262 1992-93 9.83 41 3.0326316 9.19685429 1681 403.03 1993-94 11.27 40 4.4726316 20.0044332 1600 450.8 1996-97 11.8 40 5.0026316 25.0263227 1600 472 1998-99 5.74 41 -1.057368 1.11802798 1681 23 5.34 2001-02 3.54 27.52 -3.257368 10.610449 757.3504 97.4208 2004-05 9.28 29.76 2.4826316 6.16345956 885.6576 276.1728 2005-06 7.92 30.18 1.1226316 1.26030166 910.8324 239.0256 Summation 129.15 678.06 0 177.829168 24481.06 4714.9392 X-Bar = 6.79 Y-Bar = 35.68 Se = 3.59 By putting Se and Summation (X-X-Bar) 2 in Sb, we have Sb = 0.269 Step 4: Find the Standardized Value of b t = b – BH0/Sb Where b = slope of fitted regression BH0 = actual hypothesized slope Sb = standard error of the regression coefficient By putting the values of the above in t, we have t = 0.355 Step 5: Conclusion on Acceptance or Rejection of the Null Hypothesis The appropriate value of t is 2.10. Since we are concerned whether b (the slope of original regression line) is significantly different from B (the hypothesized slope of population regression), this is a two tailed test, and the critical values are  ±2.10. The standardized regression coefficient is 0.355, which is inside the acceptance region for our hypothesis test. Therefore, we accept null hypothesis that B is equal to 0.5 Step 6: Interpretation of the Result There is not enough difference between b and 0.50 for us to conclude that that B has changed from its historical value. Because of this, we feel that a one hundred percent increase in inflation would result in an increase of 0.50% in gini coefficient, as it has in the past.

Allowing Teenage Driving before the Age of Eighteen Essay

Allowing Teenage Driving before the Age of Eighteen - Essay Example Accidents due to teenage driving in this group are more in comparison to accidents from other age groups. III. Teenage drivers below the age of eighteen years have very poor driving skills, which disregard all the rules. A. Drunk driving is a major issue associated with teenagers below the age of eighteen years. It is crucial to note that alcohol impairs once mind affecting their coordination and thinking. B. Parents’ failure to be strict on the rules made teenagers below the age of eighteen years fail to observe even the most of basic rules like using the seatbelts. IV. Most teenagers in this age group do not understand the complexity involved in driving. A. Teenagers’ social and emotional development of their minds is immature in comparison with that of an adult. B. They are vulnerable to distraction and peer influence. V. Teenagers below the age of eighteen years should drive. A. Some members of this group are mature, responsible, and dependable. In effect, locking p rohibiting them from driving is discriminatory. VI. No teenager should drive. B. The dependable and responsible teenagers in this group are a minority. In effect, none should drive. VII. In conclusion, accidents resulting from teenage driving result to half of the causes of the deaths in this group. In effect, none should drive since allowing them to drive puts them at a risk of vulnerabilities. Allowing Teenage Driving before the Age of Eighteen Years In the current world, characterized by the information and the knowledge economy, the debate about the right age to drive has remained in the public domain for a period. In fact, different countries have enacted different legislation regarding the right, or rather the legal, age for driving. Indeed, most people agree that the art of driving does not require the skills learned in a driving school only. Rather, one of the most important requirements of a skilled driver is good decision-making at all times, and in other cases within a sp lit of a second. However, good decision-making skills are not skills that an individual learns in a driving school. In fact, good decision-making skills are inherent in an individual with the maturity level being a significant determinant. While some people argue that teenagers below the age of eighteen years should drive since some are mature, this essay posits that teenagers below eighteen years should not drive since they are vulnerable to risks associated with driving. A 1983 study by Karpf and Williams observed, â€Å"Nearly half the deaths of male and female 16–18 year olds in the United States resulted from motor vehicle use† (as cited in William & Lund, 1986). However, recent research by Chen, Baker, Braver, and Li (2000), noted that the deaths of this age group due to accidents stood at 36% towards the end of the last century. Nevertheless, this percentage is a manifestation of a grim scenario concerning licensing of teenage driving below the age of eighteen y ears. Therefore, prohibiting driving amongst this group would help reduce the number of deaths by a big percentage in this vital group. While observing that the statistics were from a developed country and their application to other countries may differ, it is essential to note that these dynamics may apply to any nation regardless of its development. In this regard, teenagers' dynamics are common or

Legal Aspects Of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Aspects Of Nursing - Essay Example The bed restraints were meant for not only securing the patient from much movement but also for ensuring his safety against falling from the height of the bed, which would be fatal. In this regard therefore, the nurses would be said to have responded appropriately to ensure the safety of the patient through the application of the principles. However, as the excerpt reveals, despite the great effort taken by the nurses to ensure the safety of Mr. Abraham, he eventually manages to untie himself from the restraints and in efforts to climb down the bed, he falls and sustains serious head injuries from which he later succumbs. From a legal point of view, the nurses would have applied other principles to ensure more safety to the patient besides what had been done. For instance, when they noted the patient’s unrest, they would have probably administered sleep-inducing medicine to the patient in order to have him asleep as they carried out their tests. Besides, one-hour intervals of monitoring such a patient who showed higher chances of untying himself was long durations and the nurses ought to have adopted lesser periods in order to be effective. Through the relatively shorter periods, the nurses would have probably chanced on the patient before the fall. Moreover, we would reason that the nurses failed to prioritize on the patient as is seen from the statement that they visited him on hourly intervals from the room he was restrained from as he awaited tests and treatment. From a legal point, this would be interpreted as negligence on the part of nurses because they would have prioritized on attending to the patient as a safety measure. Failure to have employed these measures by nurses in effect is blamed to have resulted to the injury, which... There is no greater ethical duty to such a patient than as accorded in the case scenario. Ethics explain an acceptable code of conduct by individuals within a given context. In this case, therefore, the patient portrayed no ethical behavior as described by his intention to leave the hospital and go for revenge in the bar besides being assisted by the nurses and the fire rescue to safety. It would be interpreted morally wrong and ethically accepted behavior where the patient shows no sense of cooperation when being assisted by the nurses. In fact, it is more wrong to have the patient struggle to untie the wrist and chest restraints as applied by the medical staff for having him cooperate as tests and treatment were done on him. Such efforts by the practicing nurses and the fire rescue indicate very high ethical concerns towards the patient and under such, no higher duty would be accorded to him than this. Life is interpreted to be very precious and as such, despite his condition of being drunk and unruly, the nurses and other persons in contact with such a patient has the ethical responsibility of saving his life. It is also ethical to handle the patient with care as the family members would reiterate and accord him the respect due to human beings. Finally, it would be ethical to have such a patient attended to quickly, which would reduce the level of suffering that the patient would be undergoing from the injuries sustained before. It is ethically correct for the nurses to minimize the level of pain suffered by a patient.

What do you see as the advantages and disadvantages of being a native Essay

What do you see as the advantages and disadvantages of being a native speaker and a non - native speaker of English - Essay Example Through the global influence of native English speakers in cinema, airlines, broadcasting, science, and the Internet in recent decades, English is now the most widely learned second language in the world. Many students worldwide are required to learn at least some English, and a working knowledge of English is required in many fields and occupations1. According to Ethnologue (2000) English is spoken in 105 countries, it is the dominant or official language in more than 60 of the world’s 185 nation-states recognized by the United Nations. It has 55,000,000 first language speakers in the United Kingdom, 210,000,000 in the USA, 17,100,000 in Canada, 15,682,000 in Australia, 3,500,000 in South Africa, 3,213,000 in New Zealand. Native English usage concerns to the greatest extent the countries mentioned in the order: USA >>> UK > Canada > Australia > South Africa > New Zealand > Ireland > and other 98 countries. Although the available counts are very divergent, all of them agree on a greater number of non-native than native speakers of English in the world. Another factor which adds to the variability of English is hundreds of dialects (Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, 2005). Today, many countries have taken up English as their second language. As a result many young people and adults are involved in the study of English. Indeed this interest has lead to the popularity of this language to such an extent as it is considered to be an international language. Whereas today there are more native than non native speakers of English, in the coming decades the more and more non native speakers will take up English as an international language. In other words more bilingual speakers of English will use this language for several purposes particularly for cross cultural communications within there own borders. The use of English as an international language has been brought about by the continuing spread of English. This spread has resulted in a variety of

Maritime Logistics Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maritime Logistics Assignment 1 - Essay Example For efficient working of several global systems, there must be a system, which facilitates the movement of the goods and the related products. Maritime logistics is the system that is used to facilitate the movement of goods and related products from place to the other. Maritime logistics is mainly concerned with the movement of goods and services from one location to the other mainly via the sea. Maritime logistics can be simply defined as a detailed coordination of maritime activities with relation to people, facilities, and supplies (Mangan, Lalwani and Butcher, 2008, p. 8) Maritime logistics is used to facilitate the movement of raw materials and finished products between the producer, manufacturer, supplier, and consumer. There are various types of cargo transported using the maritime logistics. Types of cargo transported by the maritime logistics companies include: Containerized cargo: This refers to the cargo that is transported in containers that are standardized. This type o f cargo is very easy to handle as various types of equipment have been specifically designed to handle the containerized cargo. Project cargo: This refers to machinery and equipment that is exported or imported by a certain party for performance of a specific purpose. This type of cargo is difficult to handle as cargo size, shape and weight usually vary, hence making it difficult for the equipment to handle them without causing damage. Automobiles: This refers to the vehicles and similar equipment. Break bulk cargo: This refers to goods that are transported in bulk without being containerized. The main types of goods transported in this method are mineral and ores. Among the most important aspects of maritime logistics are the cost of provision of services, speed in which the products will ultimately reach the intended person, and the quality of services that the company provides. A company that is able to effectively utilize the above aspects usually has a competitive edge over the other companies. Navex maritime Navex maritime is a maritime logistics company based in Antwerp, Belgium. The company was formed in 1993 after the merger of the commercial activities of Navex N.V and Van Meerbeek & Company. Both companies had been in existence for a long time, with Navex N.V having been formed in 1919 and Van Meerbeek & Co. having been formed in 1946 (Navex maritime logistics company website 2011). In 2005, the company ventured into the global forwarding business. Navex logistics is mainly involved in the maritime trade as a sales agent to the ship owners, provision of third party logistic and in the forwarding of freight. The company mainly specializes in oil and gas industry and mainly handles break bulk cargo (Navex maritime logistics, company website 2011). The company’s strategic location in Antwerp, the second largest port in Europe - after Rotterdam – enables it to benefit from the volume of trade and cargo, which passes through the port to oth er parts of Europe. Antwerp is also among the 10 largest ports in the world. Main competitors Navex maritime faces stiff competition from the other large maritime logistics companies that have their operations in all the regions of the world including Belgium. These companies include Mediterranean shipping company, the largest maritime logistics company, A.P-Mollar Maersk group, Evergreen, P&O and MOL. Due to the fact that maritime trade is global, these large companies control a sizeable proportion of the

Sound Waves Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sound Waves - Lab Report Example Fourier Transform essentially incorporates a time series of pressure intensity in the determination of the perfect pitched frequencies summation. It also incorporates the level of the amplitude to recreate the original sound. Series of data aids in telling the amplitude of the sound as a function of time to a corresponding series data that determines the amplitude of the frequencies for recreation of the sound. Based on the graphs collected the ambiguity within the time durations and frequencies measured for diverse sound waves emanated from the errors in the measurement Logger Pro. The percentage error amidst the tuning fork frequency and corresponding measured frequencies was less that 1%, which is relatively safe. The percentage error amidst the printed frequency and the measured frequency was 0.58% as depicted by the sine curve. Undertaking the curve fit is relatively more precise measurement method regarding finding the frequency since it is not subjective to many of individual’s errors. The concept of Fourier Transforms is fundamental in the examination of the sound waves. Moreover, it integrates a time series of pressure intensity in the resolving the perfect pitched frequencies summation. Series of data display amplitude of the sound as a function of time to a corresponding series data that determines the amplitude of the frequencies for recreation of the sound. There was certain error in the lab experiment that mainly occurs due to the individual’s point of view of the underlying maximum intensity, within is not fundamental to other

A New World for Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A New World for Women - Essay Example Moreover, the history of American women also motivates current generation to become productive and beneficial for the American society. Answer: No: 2 When I think of an American woman, a very constructive and positive image comes to my mind. As far as my observations about American women are concerned, they are the most hardworking, talented, generous, and attractive women in the whole world. They not only give proper attention towards their personal lives but also work with full dedication and commitment in their professional lives. An American woman is also religious and spiritual. â€Å"She goes to church and does her best to live and treat others right† (Richardson, 2010). I have personally contacted many American women and have found them generous, style-oriented, and intelligent. The best thing I can say about American women is that when they are at homes, they are perfect wives and mothers, and when they are at work, they are perfect professionals. References Richardson , R. (2010). Why African American Women Are Right For You - Part 2?. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Why-African-American-Women-Are-Right-For-You---Part-2&id=5410190

The Coffee Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Coffee Crisis Essay Introduction In 2011, Diego Comin, Associate Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, revised his 2009 case study on the Great Moderation (reproduced by permission for Capella University, 2011). The case explores whether or not the Great Moderation, defined by investopedia. com as â€Å"the period of decreased macroeconomic volatility experienced in the United States since the 1980’s [during which] the standard deviation of quarterly real GDP declined by half, and the standard deviation of inflation declined by two-thirds (para.1)† is still in effect. This paper will use evidence from research in a draft by Pancrazi and Vukotic (2011) that proposes â€Å"macroeconomic variables in the last thirty years have not only experienced a reduction in their overall volatility, but also an increase in their persistence (p. 2). † The 2011 research paper also purports that â€Å"by using a New-Keynesian macroeconomic model the responsiveness of output variance to changes in the monetary policy decreases with an increase in the persistence of technology (p. 2). † The result, according to Pancrazi and Vukotic, is an â€Å"overestimate† of the monetary influence and authority to â€Å"smooth out the real economic dynamics (p. 2). † The Great Moderation and the The Great Recession. Comin, in â€Å"The Great Moderation, Dead or Alive? † (Capella, 2011), quotes Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve: reduced macroeconomic volatility has numerous benefits. Lower volatility of inflation improves market functioning, makes economic planning easier, and reduces the resources devoted to hedging inflation risks. Lower volatility of output tends to imply more stable employment and a reduction in the extent of economic uncertainty confronting households and firms. The reduction in the volatility of output is also closely associated with the fact that recessions have become less frequent and less severe (p. 17). † Comin points out that these conditions existed until the Great Recession of 2007 when the U. S. and other countries experienced the longest period of recession and â€Å" the largest GDP contraction in the U. S. since the Great Depression (p. 17). In â€Å"Overlooking the Great Moderation, Consequences for the Monetary Policy† (2011), the researchers hypothesize that the â€Å"Great Moderation might have been fertile ground for the recent recession (p. 3), in that technology caused an â€Å"increased persistence in the macroeconomic variables (p. 4). † Macroeconomic Observations. To summarize Comin’s (2011) account of macroeconomic activity in the U. S between 1930 and 2010, when observing the GDP during this period, he says, â€Å"it is clear that since around 1984 it has been harder to observe large deviations from the average growth rate (p.17). † When examining other macroeconomic variables, Comin says that hours worked, consumption, investment, labor productivity, and total factor productivity (TFP), have, for the most part, â€Å"experienced stabilization by roughly the same magnitude, [where] the stock market has not stabilized significantly. If anything, it has become more volatile over the last few decades (p. 18). † Pancrazi and Vukotic focus their research on â€Å"studying the behavior of the total factor productivity (TFP) before and after the Great Moderation (p.4)†¦[by] using a basic New-Keynesian model featuring imperfect completion and price stickiness, [to ascertain] whether a change in the persistence of TFP affects the responsiveness of the real variables to the monetary policy (p. 6). † Their observations include an examination of the stability of TFP and an assessment that â€Å"a higher Microeconomic impact of the coffee crisis. The case study conveys that â€Å"coffee was the main source of income for roughly 25 million farmers, mostly small land holders, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia (p.1). † The coffee crisis created immense hardship for these small producers; â€Å"in some countries, farmers had been forced to take their children out of school and put them to work (p. 1). † One of the consequences of the coffee crisis that was less publicized was how larger farms and their workers were devastated. Large farms generally do not use non-cash family workers, like many of the smaller farmers do; as a result of the crisis, many workers were laid off, subsequently putting larger farms completely out of business. (Price, 2003) Where some producers chose to get out of the coffee business and venture into unknown territory with a new crop, others either attempted to break into the coffee â€Å"niche† market or decrease their outputs. (Line Tickell, 2003) In the ICO report on the impact the coffee crisis has had on poverty, the socio-economic impact reported by the respondent countries is filled with narratives that describe families and farmers who worked in the coffee industry unable to pay for medicine, food, and other essentials. Families are also reported to have migrated to cities, where there is typically no work for skilled farmers; some countries report that workers have migrated leaving their families behind. (Osorio, 2003) Solutions for long term sustainability. The case study presents an outline of solutions recommended by the ICO, Technoserve (as reported to the Inter-American Development Bank) and Oxfam. â€Å"The Coffee Crisis† states that, according to Oxfam, â€Å"the long run solution†¦was a commitment to ‘fair trade’†¦ a system in which a buyer in the first world agrees to pay third-world producers enough to support a decent living (p.5). † Oxfam says that â€Å"the fair trade movement was designed to provide an assured income and other benefits to the farmers associated with it (Line Tickell, 2003, p. 8). † Technoserve believes the following â€Å"three areas offer the highest potential for sustainable impact: 1. Increasing coffee consumption in producer countries and emerging market countries; 2. Assisting unprofitable producers of high-quality Arabica to move into higher-priced specialty coffees; and 3. Helping regions with a high concentration of marginal coffee producers who cannot differentiate their product or compete on price to diversify into other products and industries (para. 15 16). † In June, 2004, Nestor Osorio of the ICO presented to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) a report titled: â€Å"Lessons Learned from the Coffee Crisis: A Serious Problem for Sustainable Development. † In it he outlines the economic strategies he believed would prevent a future crisis and assist coffee producer toward long-term sustainability. Two proposed policies address the supply-demand problem: 1. To use the experience of the coffee crisis to create awareness – best achieved through the ICO – in national and international bodies of the danger of embarking on any projects or programmes (sic) which will further increase supply; and 2. Working to increase the benefits accruing from value-added products rather than traditional bulk commodity exports. Osorio recognizes the importance of â€Å"the need for market development to increase demand (p. 5)† also. He says that projects intended to benefit the supply chain should include actions from farmer to consumer, as well as farmer to exporter. These include: 1. â€Å"Support for the ICO’s Quality-Improvement Programme as a means of improving consumer appreciation and consumption of coffee; 2. Action to increase consumption in coffee-producing countries themselves, which should have a number of positive effects such as providing an alternative market outlet, increasing producer awareness of consumer preferences, stimulation of small and medium enterprises, etc. as well as acting to increase demand; 3. Action to enhance knowledge and appreciation of coffee in large emerging markets such as Russia and China, following the successful ICO campaigns in the 1990s; and 4. Protecting consumption levels in traditional markets through quality maintenance, development of niche markets and dissemination of positive information on the health benefits of coffee consumption. (p. 5-6). † Conclusion The coffee market has been described as an â€Å"imperfect market; a market that in recent years has failed – both in human and economic terms (Lines Tickell, 2003, p. 8). † The coffee crisis illuminated the impact the market had on international trade, national economies, businesses and families many in underdeveloped, low income countries. Because the regions where coffee can be grown are also many times third-world or repressed countries, coffee production is considered a humanitarian concern as well as an economic issue. Where an organization like Technoserve may lean toward business partnership solutions for the coffee industry, and Oxfam may concentrate on the humanitarian perspective, the International Coffee Organization appears to have taken a balanced approach in presenting the plight of coffee producers from both altruistic and economic perspectives. Where it is understood that many depressed areas and nations depend on coffee crops for sustenance, the ICO has taken a stand that the lessons learned from the coffee crisis must be solved with the tenets of economics, coupled with social responsibility, if families, farms, businesses and coffee-producing nations are going to achieve long-term sustainability. References Capella University. (Eds. ). (2011). MBA6008: Global Economic Environment. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Lines, T. , Tickell, S. (2003, May 1). Walk the Talk, Oxfam International Briefing Paper, May, 2003. Oxfam International | Working together to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from www. oxfam. org/sites/www. oxfam. org/files/walk. pdf Osorio, N. (2002). ICO. org Documents/Global Crisis. International Coffee Organization. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from dev. ico. org/documents/globalcrisise. pdf Osorio, N. (2003). ICO. org Documents/G-8. International Coffee Organization. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from dev. ico. org/documents/g8e. pdf Osorio, N. (2004). ICO. org Documents/UNCTAD. International Coffee Organization. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from dev. ico. org/documents/UNCTAD. pdf Prince, M. (2003, December 3). CoffeeGeek Coffee Crisis:TechnoServe Releases Fact-Based Industry Analysis. CoffeeGeek News, Reviews, Opinion and Community for Coffee and Espresso. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from http://coffeegeek. com/resources/pressreleases/technoservedec42003.

Analysing the East Asian Pop Culture Media Essay

Analysing the East Asian Pop Culture Media Essay According to the acknowledgements section of the book, this book was the result of a workshop that was organized by the University of Singapore. The book has 13 Asia area expert-contributors who researched and presented the cultural influences of South Korean popular culture in East Asia in 2008. This book, which is readable, is very important for my research because it analyzes the impact of the Korean Wave in various countries of East Asia and incorporates the following relevant themes: modernity, identity, cultural industries, re-imagining, nationalism, trans-nationalism, structure of identification, globalization, popular capital culture and identity, tourism and cultural capital. Most importantly, for my research, it has audience studies on Korean drama, which will be beneficial to my research in getting data as to the behavior and pattern of the audience of Korean drama in Asia. Weaver, John A. Popular Culture New York: Peter Lang, 2009 This is a very recent general book written by Professor John A. Weaver who is professor of Curriculum Studies at Georgia Southern University. The book doesnt directly address the specific topic of my research; nevertheless, it does address the concept of popular culture, traditions of popular cultural studies, the Frankfurt tradition, Birmingham School of Thought, fan culture, localizing power and etc. which are useful in my research for the general understanding of pop culture. Since for any concept to materialize and become accepted, first, theory must be formulated, therefore, I want to understand the theoretical concept of power, identity, gender, and the media. Most importantly, though, I want to understand the power behind the media. It also has a good section for further suggested readings and fairly detailed glossary in the context of cultural studies. The Korea Herald Korean Wave Korea: Jimoondang, 2008 This book is a series entitled Insight into Korea Series Vol. 5 and is edited by the Korea Herald. The book has 17 contributors whose expertises vary from journalists, a housewife, and an ambassador to university professors. This book is very useful for my research because the various articles that are written by the aforementioned deal with the Korean Wave and its acceptance and popularity within different countries inside Asia and beyond (as far away places as Poland, Spain, Argentina, Iran, Australia, Egypt and so forth). In looking at the effects of the Korean Wave in different countries outside Asia will indentify answers to my researchs main questions as to how, and why (and who is behind) Korean TV drama (including my research concentration of Dae Jang Geum) appeals to the viewers of different countries with different history, tradition, religion and culture. The National Academy of the Korean Language An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture: 233 traditional key words Seoul: Hakgojae, 2002 This illustrated book is designed as an introduction to non-Koreans in explaining Korean culture. The TV series Dae Jang Geum is a historical drama loosely based on an event that happened during the reign of King Jungjong (Jaeson Dynasty: 16th Century). The series has lots of scenes of cooking, dance, music, and script based on authentic Korean tradition and etc. There are many cultural references in the series which are not clear for non-Korean audiences. Therefore, this book is useful to my research in clarifying some of the cultural background, symbolism, traditional significance, traditional words, rituals and etc. that are shown in the historical TV drama series, Dae Jang Geum. The book has lots of illustrated colorful, long description of food, clothing, traditional houses, traditional drinks, leisure activities games and more. McPhail, Thomas L. Global Communication: Theories Stakeholders, and Trends Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 This book as the title indicates is a book that covers global communication and explores the various players (such as CNN, Fox, Al Jazerra, MSNBC, etc.) in world media today. Even though the book covers the entire world, it has a section that is relevance to my research which deals with Asia in general and Korea in particular. Most importantly, first, the book is as recent as you can get (2010), second, the section in Korea gives statistics on cultural products, exports of audio visual products and others. It also has figures on the importers of Korean products by product catagories. Therefore, this book is very useful for my research because I am able to get data in the context of Korean popular cultural export to Asia in particular. Kim, Youna Women, Television and Everyday Life in Korea: Journeys of hope New York: Routledge, 2005 The book is written by a lecturer in Media and Communication at London School of Economics and Political Science. It explores the age, the economic status (upper class, lower class and middle class), the empowerment, identity, sexuality, attitude towards romance of women in Korean society and their viewing patterns. What I find useful for my research in the book is that it gives a short historical background about the Korean television system, representation of women, family life in transition and etc. The aforementioned will help me in understanding womens viewing pattern in Korea in order to contrast it with other Asia womens viewing pattern. T.Youn-ja Shim, Min-Sun Kim, Judith N. Martin Changing Korea: Understanding Culture and Communication New York: Peter Lang, 2008 The modernization and democratization process of Korea and the success of its popular culture across Asia and beyond go hand in hand. In other words, Korean popular cultural exports would not have been a reality without Koreas economic powerhouse status and its democratization process that started in late 1980s. I chose the aforementioned book in order to understand the success of its modernity, progress and development. The book analayzes Korean culture in the context of its development, specially its communication. The cultural context that are mentioned in the book are Confusianism, collectivism vs. individualism, intercultural conflicts, and etc. The book gives data that is very helpful for my research because it compares its development success with other countries. Another important fact that I found interesting is that nearly 90% of its households are online therefore making Korea the worlds leading in communication capabilites. Ravina, Mark Introduction: Conceptualizing the Korean Wave Southeast Review of Asian Studies. Vol.31 (2009), 3-9. The article, published in 2009, discusses Hallyus success and its impact in Asia. The author, who is a professor at Emory University, asks and tries to answer to the questions as to why and how Korean popular culture was enthusiastically received abroad. Even though the article does not particularly address the historical TV drama entitled Dae Jang Geum, (the series that my final addresses), but the article gives an introductory (easily readable) analysis about the Korean Wave, its development, its players, its impact as a national phenomenon and transnational phenomenon in Korea and beyond. At the end of the article, the author suggests future research on the Korean Wave. Miller, Laura Korean TV Dramas and the Japan-Style Korean Wave Post Script: Essays in Films and the Humanities Volume 27, No.3 (2008), 17-24. The article is written by a professor who chairs Japanese Studies department at the University of Missouri. The article discusses the impact of Korean TV dramas on Japan. The article mostly deals with the impact of Winter Sonata on Japan in general and women in particular, it is very useful to my research to understand the trend that Winter Sonata started in Japan. However, the article has a short section on Dae Jang Geum and its impact on its audience. The success of Winter Sonata and its main male character, affectionately called Yon-sama in Japan, created a fan crazed love-all things Korean fandom. The impact of the popularity of Yon-sama on Japanese society including its politicians is best illustrated by the following story. During elections for the Diet, the article mentions, that a former Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro said, I will make great efforts so that I will be as popular as Yon-sama and be called Jun-sama. Tai, Eika Korean Activism and Ethnicity in the Changing Ethnic Landscape of Urban Japan Asian Studies Review Volume 30, No. 1 (2006) 41-58. The author is professor of Foreign Languages and Literatures at North Carolina State University. Even though the article is written four years ago, I want to understand how the effect of the Korean wave in Japan has affected the Zainichi: the largest minority group in Japan (Japanese of Korean descent). In other words, I want to investigate if the status of Zainichi has been positively or negatively affected by the Korean Wave. The author argues that the impact of the Korean Wave has affected the images of Zainichi by the rest of the Japanese population, positively. Although, most of the article deals with two places where the Zainichi are active, the article for my purposes is very informative in making reference points that there was/were cooperation and learning experiences between other ethnic groups such as the Ainu and the Zainichi. Lee, Hyangiin Buying Youth: Japanese Fandom of the Korean Wave Complicated Currents: Media Flows, Soft Power and East Asia (2010) 1-16. According to the biography on the author, the article indicates that the author has written extensively on nationalism, trans-nationalism in Korean cinema and the Korean Wave in Japan. This article is a recent article that is published by Monash University. The article explores whether the notion that middle aged women were driving the Korean New Wave and craze in Japan. At the end, the author dispels the aforementioned. The article is very relevant to my research because the author looks into the concept of masculinity, socialization, femininity, and etc. in the Asian context. Most importantly, the article analyzes the audience in terms of passive viewer vs. active viewers, significant agents, imagined cross-cultural citizenship, power, politics, social commitment, social positioning, cultural mobility, nostalgia and so forth.